Deck 8: Mechanization and Quantification

Question 1

Which of the following advanced that idea that philosophy is simply the study of bodies in motion?

A) René Descartes
B) Francis Bacon
C) John Locke
D) Thomas Hobbes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

"The heart is a spring, the nerves are strings, the joints are wheels giving motion to the whole body." This
Mechanistic approach to life is encountered in the work of

A) George Berkeley.
B) Thomas Hobbes.
C) Immanuel Kant.
D) Christian von Wolff.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the text, the epistemology embraced by Thomas Hobbes was

A) an unqualified empiricism, since knowledge begins with the senses.
B) nominalism, since the truths we know are truths about words.
C) rationalism, since deduction and the geometric method provide the only basis for verifiable conclusions.
D) a complicated combination of empiricism, rationalism and nominalism.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The author of Leviathan was

A) Joseph Ignace Guillotin.
B) Julien Offray de la Mettrie.
C) Sir Charles Bell.
D) Thomas Hobbes.

Question 5

In terms of ontology, Hobbes was

A) an interactionist, believing in the reality of mind and body.
B) an idealist.
C) a thoroughgoing materialist.
D) a pluralist.

Question 6

According to Hobbes, the behavior of human beings can be understood

A) as a complex interaction of mind and body.
B) in terms of the free choices that we make.
C) in the same quantitative fashion that we employ in our understanding of the physical world.
D) in the context of probability. Psychology could never be an exact science.

Question 7

Philosophy to Hobbes was

A) the queen of the humanities.
B) essentially a social science.
C) a branch of theology.
D) simply science.

Question 8

When theorizing about human physiology, Descartes relied heavily on the hydraulic model he observed in
Moving statues. In Descartes' view of humans, _____ flowing in nerves is (are) analogous to water flowing
In the pipes of the statues.

A) the pineal gland
B) air
C) animal spirits
D) very fine atoms

Question 9

Descartes believed that

A) many movements in humans and all movements in animals were of a purely mechanical and
Nonreflective nature.
B) All movements in humans and in animals are mechanical.
C) All movements in humans are of a reflective nature and some movements in animals are of a reflective
Nature.
D) All human behavior is rational and no animal behavior is rational.

Question 10

According to Descartes, the soul, in humans,

A) is tied to the body, but nevertheless autonomous and free.
B) cannot prevent some motions (especially in cases of strong emotions). The soul is therefore not
Completely autonomous.
C) is not really tied to the body and is completely free.
D) plays no role whatever in any kind of movement.

Question 11

A muscle with an attached nerve from a frog's leg contracts in a sealed glass tube. At one end of the glass tube
Is a pipette containing a drop of water. When the muscle contracts, the drop of water is not forced out. This
Demonstration by __________ proved embarrassing to the theory of nervous action advanced by
____________.

A) Descartes . . . Swammerdam
B) Swammerdam . . . Descartes
C) Swammerdam . . . Hobbes
D) Descartes . . . Hobbes

Question 12

Descartes advanced many hypotheses about the pineal gland. Neils Stensen demonstrated that some of these
Hypotheses were incorrect. Which of the following were challenged by Stensen?

A) the pineal gland moves from side to side
B) the pineal gland is richly supplied with nerves
C) animals do not have pineal glands
D) all of the above

Question 13

__________ was the first to clearly demonstrate a spinal reflex.

A) Sir Charles Bell
B) Julien Offray de la Mettrie
C) Stephen Hales
D) Pierre Jean-Georges Cabanis

Question 14

__________ drew distinctions between voluntary and involuntary actions and may have been the first to use the
Terms stimulus and response in a manner comparable to modern usage.

A) Robert Whytt
B) Stephen Hales
C) Johann August Unzer
D) François Magendie

Question 15

__________ was the first to employ the word reflex in connection with sensory-motor functions.

A) Joseph Ignace Guillotin
B) Julien Offray de la Mettrie
C) Johann August Unzer
D) Stephen Hales

Question 16

_________ was the first to introduce the terms afferent and efferent.

A) Robert Whytt
B) Stephen Hales
C) Jan Swammerdam
D) Johann August Unzer

Question 17

________, author of Man a Machine, advanced a radical mechanistic philosophy.

A) Jacques Quételet
B) Francis Galton
C) Hermann von Helmholtz
D) Julien Offray de la Mettrie

Question 18

In the tradition of la Mettrie, was a thoroughly materialistic physician who emphasized close connections between psychological processes, neurological activity, and environmental influences.

A) Pierre-Jean-George Cabanis
B) Etienne Bonnot de Condillac
C) Jan Swammerdam
D) Robert Whytt

Question 19

_____ was the English researcher who discovered the motor function of the ventral root of the spinal chord.

A) Robert Whytt
B) Stephen Hales
C) Sir Charles Bell
D) Johann August Unzer

Question 20

_____ was the French researcher who verified the motor function of the ventral root of the spinal chord and
Discovered the sensory function of the dorsal root of the spinal chord.

A) Pierre-Jean-George Cabanis
B) Etienne Bonnot de Condillac
C) François Magendie
D) Claude-Adrien Helvetius

Question 21

In his work on the doctrine of the specific energies of nerves, _____ argued that a given nerve is only capable of transmitting a single, specific sensation quality

A) Johannes Muller
B) Sir Charles Bell
C) François Magendie
D) Joseph Gall

Question 22

The doctrine of the specific energies of the nerves implies that

A) experience is not totally dependent upon nervous structure.
B) we are directly aware of objects in the world.
C) we are directly aware not of objects, but of our nerves themselves.
D) the mind is only sometimes tied directly to the machinery of the body.

Question 23

_____ developed the conviction that mental functions and personality characteristics are located in specific
Areas of the brain.

A) Franz Joseph Gall
B) Hermann von Helmholtz
C) Paul Broca
D) Pierre Flourens

Question 24

The literal meaning of phrenology is

A) science of the skull.
B) science of the brain.
C) science of the mind.
D) science of shape.

Question 25

Phrenology was a "productive false start" in each of the following ways EXCEPT

A) drawing attention to the brain as the central organ of intellect
B) demonstrating that human nature could be scientifically studied
C) spurring research into localization of function in the brain
D) endorsing the method of cranioscopy

Question 26

_____ used the method of ablation to find look for evidence to support the claims of phrenology, but he
Found no such evidence.

A) Franz Joseph Gall
B) Hermann von Helmholtz
C) Edward Bradford Titchener
D) Pierre Flourens

Question 27

_____ discovered that articulate or spoken speech is localized in the left inferior frontal gyrus.

A) Franz Joseph Gall
B) Julius Eduard Hitzig
C) Paul Broca
D) Pierre Flourens

Question 28

Electrical stimulation of the cortex is a technique pioneered by

A) Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Kaspar Spurzheim.
B) Julius Eduard Hitzig and Theodor Fritsch.
C) Paul Broca and Pierre Flourens.
D) Hermann von Helmholtz and Johannes Müller.

Question 29

_____ developed a staining procedure that enhances the features of nerve elements

A) Camillo Golgi
B) Julius Eduard Hitzig
C) Paul Broca
D) Santiago Ramón Y Cajal

Question 30

_____discovered a gap between nerve cells and theorized that neural transmission proceeds from the synapse to the axon of a nerve cell

A) Camillo Golgi
B) Julius Eduard Hitzig
C) Paul Broca
D) Santiago Ramón Y Cajal

Question 31

_____ wrote Integrative Action of the Nervous System, which laid the foundations for modern
Neurophysiology.

A) Camillo Golgi
B) Julius Eduard Hitzig
C) Sir Charles Sherrington
D) Santiago Ramón Y Cajal

Question 32

_____ measured the speed of a nervous impulse.

A) Johannes Müller
B) Hermann von Helmholtz
C) Jacques Quételet
D) Francis Galton

Question 33

The original derivations of the well-known symmetrical bell-shaped curve were set forth by

A) Jacques Quételet.
B) Francis Galton.
C) Abraham DeMoivre.
D) Blaise Pascal.

Question 34

_____ was the first to apply statistics to the moral arena. One way he did so was by studying relationships
Between criminal behavior and age.

A) Jacques Quételet
B) Francis Galton
C) Abraham DeMoivre
D) Karl Friedrich Gauss

Question 35

________ was the first to use the term co-relation (later changed to correlation). He also contributed to the
Technical mathematical basis of correlation's.

A) Jacques Quételet
B) Francis Galton
C) Karl Pearson
D) Karl Friedrich Gauss

Question 36

________ was among the first to use graphs to illustrate the importance of sanitary conditions in field hospitals

A) Francis Galton
B) Florence Nightingale
C) Dorthea Lynde Dix
D) Jacques Quételet

Question 37

_________ was one of the first to use descriptive social statistics in campaigns to improve the treatment
Environments for people with mental illnesses.

A) Benjamin Rush
B) Jacques Quételet
C) Francis Galton
D) Dorthea Lynde Dix