Deck 1: The Science of Psychology

Question 1

The Milgram's study is an example of __________ finding, as it showed that many common popular beliefs are false.

Answer 1

counterintuitive

Question 2

Describe the Milgram's study (Milgram, 1974).

Answer 2

A teacher was instructed to deliver an electric shock to a learner each time they made a mistake, until an agonizing 450-volt shock. Experts and non-experts estimated that only 4% of participants delivered the highest shock. In fact, 65% of participants delivered the full shock.

Question 3

In 1974 Milgram showed that people make very accurate predictions on world's events based on common beliefs.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The inclination to consider an event as predictable after it has occurred is known as __________.

Question 5

What type of psychological research is conducted with the aim of solving practical issues?

Question 6

Why do many people believe that psychology is 'the study of the obvious'?

Question 7

Which philosopher is CORRECTLY matched with a key idea?

A) Plato - suggested that we could use reasoning to discover the truth
B) Aristotle - proposed that soul and body are independent entities
C) Descartes - the mind is a physical entity that can be observed scientifically
D) None of the above

Question 8

The Greek philosopher ________believed that there is an intimate connection between the soul and the body, and that mental health depends equally on both.

A) Aristotle
B) Plato
C) Hippocrates
D) Socrates

Question 9

Which scientist is the beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline attributed to?

A) William James
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) John B. Watson
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 10

Which filed of psychology was established in the mid-1800s by Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner?

Question 11

Describe the main technique used by structuralists to access mental processes.

Question 12

Structuralism cannot study animal behaviour and abnormal behaviour.

Question 13

Innate aggressive and sexual drives are punished in childhood leading to the development of fears and mental issues in adulthood. __________ are techniques that people develop automatically to cope with the anxiety associated to traumatic experiences.

A) Coping strategies
B) Defence mechanisms
C) Free associations
D) Introspections

Question 14

__________ once wrote: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief - regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." This statement fully expresses the __________, which emphasizes the importance of the environment in shaping individuals' behaviour.

A) Freud; psychodynamic perspective
B) Maslow; humanistic perspective
C) Watson; behaviourist perspective
D) Broadbent; cognitive perspective

Question 15

__________'s approach is known as radical behaviourism. His research involved the use of experiments with rats to study how behaviour can be influenced by __________ and punishment.

Question 16

Distinguish between rewards and incentives within a learning context.

Question 17

With respect to 'behaviour modification' techniques, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Behaviour modification techniques are based on the idea that by manipulating environmental factors it is possible to favour positive behaviours and discourage problematic behaviours.
B) These techniques were developed by Watson who believed that learning is achieved through small incremental steps.
C) These techniques were developed within the theoretical framework known as 'radical behaviourism'
D) Reinforcement is used to increase the occurrence of a desired behaviour, while punishment is used to decrease the likelihood of an undesired behaviour.

Question 18

Positive psychology traces is theoretical roots to the _________, because of its emphasis on _______.

A) humanism; self-actualization
B) functionalism, application
C) psychoanalysis; the unconscious
D) functionalism; mental organization

Question 19

Individuals who are self-actualized have not yet reached their full potential.

Question 20

__________ applied humanist principles to psychotherapy.

Question 21

Today the cognitive perspective embraces different disciplines, such as __________, __________ and __________.

A) cognitive psychology; cognitive neuroscience; social constructivism
B) cognitive psychology; cognitive neuroscience; positive psychology
C) cultural psychology; cognitive neuroscience; social constructivism
D) cultural psychology, cognitive psychology; positive psychology

Question 22

Which of the following pairs reports the most ACCURATE association of a field with its subject of research?

A) Cognitive psychology - cognitive processes of behaviour (i.e. memory, attention, language, decision-making, emotion processing)
B) Cognitive neuroscience - behavioural response to a cognitive task
C) Cognitive psychology - influence of environmental factors on memory and attention
D) Cognitive neuroscience - influence of environmental factors on brain activity

Question 23

Describe the main goal of the biological perspective

Question 24

Evolutionary psychologists believe that our skills and behaviour are a product of natural selection.

Question 25

According to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, _______ determines which
Variations of life survive over time and which fall out of existence.

A) structuralism
B) functionalism
C) natural selection
D) behaviourism

Question 26

Describe how social environment influences the way people think, feel and behave using the terms 'culture', 'norms' and 'socialization'.

Question 27

Which are the levels of analysis of human behaviour?

Question 28

Which of the following causes of human behaviour will be most likely considered by a behaviourist psychologist?

A) Past learning experiences
B) Unconscious motives
C) Social norms
D) Biochemical factors

Question 29

What methods are mainly used by a psychodynamic psychologist to understand behaviour?

A) Experiments examining responses to social stimuli
B) Behavioural genetics research
C) Experiments investigating the self-concept
D) Observations of personality processes in clinical settings

Question 30

Dr Brown is investigating the effect of childhood neglect on the development of anorexia nervosa in adolescents. Her level of analysis is mainly based on __________ factors.

A) psychological
B) environmental
C) biological
D) social

Question 31

Which of the following CANNOT be considered a psychological risk factor?

A) Low-self esteem
B) Neuroticism
C) Caffeine consumption
D) Anxiety

Question 32

Each alternative below identifies a variable potentially associated with happiness. Each is correctly paired with a level of analysis EXCEPT:

A) production of the chemical serotonin in the nervous system - biological
B) the personality traits of neuroticism and agreeableness -- psychological
C) the reasons one gives for the bad things that happen -- environmental
D) economic inequality -- environmental

Question 33

With respect to social anxiety disorder, which rearing styles have been found to be possible risk factors?

Question 34

Parental psychopathology alone will cause offspring to develop social anxiety disorder.

Question 35

Describe the three levels of analysis in psychology research.

Question 36

The levels of analysis include the biological, the psychological, and the environmental.

Question 37

Dr Sandoval is conducting a study on internet trolls. His goal is to explore whether certain personality traits such as introversion are common to most trolls. This is an example of a psychological study that is focused on the _______ level of analysis.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) environmental
D) contextual

Question 38

Dr Krahn is conducting a study on internet trolls. He is interested in investigating the neurological effects of trolling. He invites his subjects to the laboratory and collects neuroimaging data. This is an example of a psychological study that is focused on the _______ level of analysis.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) environmental
D) contextual

Question 39

Why is behavioural analysis incomplete without an examination of the environment?

Question 40

There seem to be gender-specific differences in the way social anxiety disorder affects adult life situations. For example, __________ have been reported to have greater problems at work and in social relationships.

Question 41

What is the 'falsifiability' of science according to the philosopher Karl Popper?

Question 42

What is the nature-nurture debate?

Question 43

According to nativists, at birth, the human mind is a tabula rasa.

Question 44

The contemporary view on the __________ debate supports the idea that behaviour is determined by an __________ of both genetic and environmental factors. This more moderate position is known as __________.

Question 45

One of the current ways to address the __________ debate is by looking at __________ rates in adopted identical twins who share the exact same genes, but grew up in completely different environments.

Question 46

Discuss how the free will versus determinism debate can be applied to explain drug addiction.

Question 47

With respect to the mind-body relationship debate, which view is currently supported by experimental data?

A) Dualistic
B) Monistic
C) Empiricist
D) Nativists

Question 48

The idea that a healthy diet can increase our cognitive performance supports a __________ view of the relationship between mind and body.

A) dualistic
B) monistic
C) humanistic
D) holistic

Question 49

Which of the following philosophers believed that mind and body are two separate entities?

A) Locke
B) Hobbes
C) Descartes
D) Aristotle

Question 50

Descartes proposed that mind and body, two separate entities, only interact via the putamen in the brain.

Question 51

For determinists __________ is only an illusion: Humans' actions are influenced by uncontrollable internal and external forces.

Question 52

What is 'Little Albert' famous for?

Question 53

Discuss the ethical issues of Watson and Rayner's 'Little Albert' study (1920).

Question 54

One of the ethical issues of Milgram's obedience study (1963) is that participants were exposed to humiliation.

Question 55

The Zimbardo's Stanford prison study (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973) is considered one of the most unethical experiments in the history of psychology as its participants were not protected from __________.

A) deception
B) physical harm
C) fear conditioning
D) discrimination

Question 56

The British Psychological Society's Code of Ethics and Conduct (2009):

A) Provides guidelines for conducting research with animals
B) Provides guidelines for conducting research with children
C) Provides guidelines for conducting research with humans
D) Provides guidelines for conducting research with people with mental health issues

Question 57

The __________ provides guidelines discussing several issues of research with human participants, such as informed consent, debriefing and confidentiality?

A) Code of British Psychology
B) Code of Ethics and Research
C) Code of Ethics and Conduct
D) Code of Ethical Principles

Question 58

The __________ study is an example of unethical study as it used deception and exposed participant to very stressful situations, which may have caused psychological distress.

A) Watson and Rayner's 'Little Albert'
B) Zimbardo's Stanford prison
C) Milgram's obedience
D) Asch' conformity

Question 59

Within contemporary views of science, the concept of objectivity became more flexible as true objectivity is thought to be almost impossible to achieve.

Question 60

Many researchers may fall into __________ whenever their behaviour can unintentionally influence participants' response.

Question 61

Which of the following research biases is NOT a type of gender bias?

A) Alpha bias
B) Androcentrism
C) Beta bias
D) Ethnocentrism

Question 62

Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the sampling bias?

A) It occurs when the experimenter influences the outcome of a study
B) It occurs when a sample is selected to obtain a specific outcome
C) It occurs when a sample is not representative of the actual population
D) All of the above

Question 63

Discuss how the gender bias can influence research in psychology

Question 64

Alpha bias refers to the tendency to exaggerate differences between men and women.

Question 65

Maria is a PhD student who is carrying out a research on impulsive behaviour in adolescence. The sample she collected so far consists of 150 male participants. Her supervisor advised her to complement the sample with an equal number of female participants if she doesn't want to fall into a __________ bias.

A) beta
B) alpha
C) experimenter
D) cultural

Question 66

Which of the following biases is NOT a gender bias?

A) Including only male participants in a study on the effects of testosterone deficiency on memory span
B) Including only male participants in a study on moral development in young children
C) Including only male participants in a study on aggressive behaviour
D) Not recording the sex of the participants

Question 67

With respect to the gender bias in psychology research, the tendency to consider male behaviour as 'typical' and female behaviour as 'atypical' is known as:

A) Chauvinism
B) Antifeminism
C) Androcentrism
D) Misogyny

Question 68

With respect to the cultural bias in psychology research, which of the following statements about Eurocentrism is CORRECT?

A) It's the belief that European culture is superior to other cultures
B) It's the belief that your own culture is superior to another
C) It's the idea that Western values are superior to other cultural values
D) It's the tendency to apply Western values and ideas to other cultures to create a universal view of human behaviour

Question 69

The Cattell's Culture-Fair Intelligence Test and the Goodenough's Draw-a-Person Test are examples of culture-free intelligence tests.

Question 70

In psychology history, females have always been seen as less important and it was difficult for female academics to become involved in research.

Question 71

There is no difference between cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology. In fact, they are two terms that describe the same field.

Question 72

Rob is an American college student. Yoon-Sook is a Korean college student. With respect to the concepts of individualism and collectivism, it's more likely that Rob would attribute happiness to ________, while Yoon-Sook would attribute it to _________.

A) interpersonal interactions; personal achievements
B) interpersonal interactions; interpersonal interactions, too
C) personal achievements; interpersonal interactions
D) personal achievements; personal achievements, too

Question 73

__________ psychologists aims to understand psychological diversity between differing cultures.

Question 74

The etic approach examines how cultures are dissimilar

Question 75

The emic approach makes comparisons between cultures using criteria that are considered absolute or universal.

Question 76

Define the term 'imposed etics'.

Question 77

Which of the following countries is NOT considered a representative of an individualistic society?

A) Canada
B) Australia
C) India
D) Spain

Question 78

In __________ societies individuals are more concerned with pleasing the social group rather than __________.

A) Individualistic; themselves
B) Collectivistic; themselves
C) Collectivistic; the family
D) Individualistic; the family

Question 79

Which of the following items describes a common difficulty within cross-cultural psychology research?

A) The participants must be representative of the culture being studied.
B) Research materials must be validated in each culture.
C) Researchers need to make sure that each culture being studied understands the concept of 'consent'
D) All of the above

Question 80

One of the difficulties for a cross-cultural psychologist is ensuring that there is a high level of internal consistency as well as external validity in the materials used with differing cultures.