Deck 18: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Question 1

Graduate-level training for counselors has, for the most part, focused on the ______.

A) scientist-practitioner model
B) practitioner-scientist model
C) practitioner model
D) scientist model

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Funding sources, including ______, are demanding demonstrations of effectiveness.

A) taxpayers
B) insurance companies
C) consumers
D) all of these

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The ______ hypothesis states there is no effect or difference in comparisons made or in relationships between variables.

A) nondirectional
B) null
C) alternative directional
D) directional

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The ______hypothesis states there is an effect, but no direction or prediction is made as to the direction.

A) nondirectional
B) null
C) alternative directional
D) directional

Question 5

A(n) ______ hypothesis does provide a direction or prediction of a direction of the effect.

A) nondirectional
B) null
C) alternative directional
D) directional

Question 6

A key approach to data collection and operationalization of the dependent variable in qualitative research is known as ______.

A) true experiment
B) quasi-experiment
C) triangulation
D) stratified sampling

Question 7

In counseling and education, when using both qualitative and quasi-experiment design, a practical approach is ______.

A) to use participant observation
B) to use content analysis
C) to use historical analysis
D) the use of case study methods

Question 8

Validity ______.

A) addresses the degree to which you are actually measuring what you want or intend to measure
B) addresses the degree to which you chose the appropriate variables
C) addresses the degree to which your measure is consistent
D) addresses measures of variability

Question 9

Reliability ______.

A) addresses the degree to which you are actually measuring what you want or intend to measure
B) addresses the degree to which you chose the appropriate variables
C) addresses the degree to which your measure is consistent
D) addresses levels of significance

Question 10

The use of normative comparisons allow for ______.

A) greater reliability
B) more valid interpretations of results
C) a more definitive research design
D) a more precise experimental design

Question 11

Standard conditions of administering the test help to ______.

A) increase validity
B) decrease validity
C) increase reliability
D) reduce test errors

Question 12

Self-report measures have the potential for ______.

A) respondent bias
B) being very objective
C) ease in administration
D) both respondent bias and ease in administration

Question 13

Objectivity refers to ______.

A) the development of theory
B) summative theories
C) participant observation
D) the use of self-report

Question 14

A study that exerts a high amount of experimental control will most likely depart from a ______.

A) heterogeneous setting
B) naturalistic setting
C) ecological setting
D) homogeneous setting

Question 15

When there is a large amount of control by the researcher, there should be less control and a more natural measurement of the variables of interest. This is referred to as having ______.

A) external validity
B) internal validity
C) content validity
D) construct validity

Question 16

There has been considerable debate in the counseling and educational literature over the extent to which research should be emphasized in the training and actual practice of counselors and educators.

Question 17

Educators assume that training their students to be practitioner-scientists is appropriate, whereas practitioners would rather focus on becoming scientist-practitioners.

Question 18

Counselors and educators are being required to demonstrate the effectiveness of their work, such as with student performance or client outcomes.

Question 19

The research process is valued in our society as one of the most important sources of knowledge in decision-making.

Question 20

Involvement in research may be limited to publications in professional journals.

Question 21

There are fewer steps in developing a research proposal than are found in an article published in a professional journal.

Question 22

Wiersma and Jurs (2005) encouraged choosing a research problem that is more philosophical or abstract, which makes it easier to research.

Question 23

Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen, and Walker (2014) concluded that a review of the literature is not an exploration in discovering new research, but uncovering what has been already done and what is currently known in a particular area of research.

Question 24

If the purpose statement is poorly constructed, it will be difficult to successfully complete the other steps.

Question 25

If there is a high internal validity and a large amount of control by the researcher, there should be less control and a more natural measurement of the variables of interest (external validity).

Question 26

Give an example of a professional participating in formal research.

Question 27

Provide an example of a hypothesis.

Question 28

Provide an example of a null hypothesis.

Question 29

Heiman (1995) suggested four considerations in designing a study. Please list these.

Question 30

Professions are in part defined by having an organized body of knowledge. Discuss the importance of this statement.

Question 31

Step 2 of developing a proposal is to determine what currently exists in this area in the research literature. What should be noted in this step and what is the benefit of this step?

Question 32

Step 4 is to develop your hypothesis. What should be considered in this area?

Question 33

If you are studying the effects of gender on learning math, you cannot randomly assign subjects or participants to groups--you cannot randomly assign someone to a particular gender; therefore, you must choose a design that takes into consideration this restriction. What type of design(s) would you use?

Question 34

There are several important sources to consult when attempting to identify an appropriate test. Name two of these and where would you locate these resources.

Question 35

The type of instrument or operationalization of the dependent variable will depend to some degree on the research design used, quantitative or qualitative. For quantitative research methods, in which numbers of quantification are important, you will want to consider what issues?

Question 36

Discuss the three problems that have been noted with the scientist-practitioner training approach.

Question 37

Discuss the importance of an academic research training environment.

Question 38

List and discuss the criteria put forth by Overholser (2010) with regard to research as a practitioner.

Question 39

List and discuss 5 out of 10 steps for developing a research plan.

Question 40

Charles (1995) suggested several helpful considerations when identifying research topics. List and discuss two of these.