Deck 13: Evaluating the Methods Sectionprocedures

Question 1

A variable which manipulates an event or phenomenon to study its effect on another variable is known as the ______.

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable
C) exogenous variable
D) indigenous variable

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Random assignment to groups ______ the effects of some threats to validity.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) doesn't change
D) escalates

Answer 2

B

Question 3

______ validity refers to the extent to which the researchers can replicate the actual events occurring in the natural environment and thus can generalize the results back to the population.

A) Internal
B) Extraneous
C) Replication
D) External

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Theoretically, the more control the researchers have over the experimental condition, ______.

A) the lower the internal validity
B) the lower the internal reliability
C) the higher the internal reliability
D) the higher the internal validity

Question 5

Events occurring during the time of the study that are unrelated to the treatment or independent variables are known as ______.

A) instrumentation
B) statistical regression
C) history
D) maturation

Question 6

Possible physical and/or psychological changes that occur in the participants over the period of the study refer to this type of threat to internal validity ______.

A) maturation
B) history
C) testing
D) instrumentation

Question 7

When participants become sensitized to the intent of the study or the desired responses the researchers are seeking from pretest to posttest, which type of threat to internal validity occurs?

A) history
B) maturation
C) attrition
D) testing

Question 8

______ type threat to internal validity occurs when the experimental and control groups are selected based on different criteria or when participants are assigned to groups differentially and not by random assignment.

A) Attrition
B) Differential selection
C) Maturation
D) History

Question 9

The threat to internal validity which involves participants dropping out of the study is known as ______.

A) history
B) maturation
C) attrition
D) testing

Question 10

When the experimenter communicates to the participants, most often subtly, what outcomes he or she would like to achieve, this is known as ______.

A) the Hawthorne effect
B) the experimenter effect
C) the disruption effect
D) description effect

Question 11

Which threat to external ecological validity refers to how events occurring at the time of the intervention or treatment affect the outcome?

A) measurement of the dependent variable
B) interaction between time of measurement and treatment effects
C) interaction between history and treatment effects
D) novelty or disruption effects

Question 12

______ is a threat that refers to circumstances where the control group is aware of not receiving the intervention which is perceived to be of value.

A) Resentful demoralization
B) The John Henry effect
C) Bitter corruption
D) The Henry Jordan effect

Question 13

______ refers to when the control group is aware they are in a study and make efforts to do better and outperform the experimental group.

A) Resentful demoralization
B) The John Henry effect
C) Bitter corruption
D) The Henry Jordan effect

Question 14

The threat of ______ has been noted to be the most significant issue for single-subject research designs.

A) history
B) maturation
C) attrition
D) testing

Question 15

A solution to which threat is to use an unobtrusive measure, so the participants are not aware they are being observed or measured on the dependent variable?

A) the Hawthorne effect
B) the experimenter effect
C) the disruption effect
D) description effect

Question 16

The procedures section in a research article is intended to be a step-by-step description of how the study was conducted.

Question 17

The scientific method requires that researchers submit their studies to public scrutiny of the scientific/professional community.

Question 18

If a particular treatment is used, a step-by-step description is provided in the procedures section.

Question 19

Unlike random selection, random assignment means that all those selected from the population to participate in a study have an equal chance of being assigned to a particular group.

Question 20

All research methods use random assignment.

Question 21

The definition of a true experimental study requires that a manipulation occur and that there be random assignment to groups.

Question 22

When studies are conducted over a period of time and there is no random assignment to groups, history is not a threat.

Question 23

Attrition is also called experimental mortality.

Question 24

The Hawthorne effect and novelty and disruption effects are the same.

Question 25

The procedures section is not the section where considerable focus will be in determining the efficacy of the study.

Question 26

Give a brief description of what the procedures section includes.

Question 27

Define random assignment.

Question 28

List three threats to internal validity.

Question 29

Provide an example of when history may be a threat to internal validity.

Question 30

Give an example of how to reduce testing as a threat to validity.

Question 31

Give an example of how maturation may impact a study.

Question 32

Name the two threats to population validity that have been proposed.

Question 33

Provide an example of interaction between personological variables and treatment (sample characteristics) as a threat to population validity.

Question 34

Provide an example of the Hawthorne Effect.

Question 35

Define novelty or disruption effects.

Question 36

Describe the benefits and concerns about random assignment in educational research.

Question 37

Discuss instrumentation as a threat to validity.

Question 38

Discuss statistical regression as a threat to validity.

Question 39

Discuss multiple treatment interference as a threat to external validity.

Question 40

Discuss pretest sensitization.