Deck 13: The Yin and Yang of Memory: Forgetting Versus Maintenance

Question 1

There are intrinsic forces operating to degrade the synaptic basis of memories.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

From the psychological perspective, all forgetting is a consequence of intrinsic neural processes that degrade synapses.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Interference theories of forgetting assume that a second learning event could produce amnesia for a prior experience by interfering with the consolidation of the first event, provided the second event was similar to the first and occurred shortly after it.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Neurobiologist assume that all forgetting is due to a retrieval failure.

Question 5

A retrieval failure can be the result of two similar memories competing for expression.

Question 6

Inhibiting NMDA receptor function during the retention interval enhances the rate of forgetting.

Question 7

Inhibiting NMDA receptor function during the retention interval can prevent forgetting.

Question 8

According the results obtained by Migues et al., forgetting can be prevented if the endocytic removal of AMPA receptors is inhibited.

Question 9

The peptide GluR23y enhances the removal NMDA receptors from the PSD.

Question 10

The peptide GluR23y inhibits the removal AMPA receptors from the PSD.

Question 11

Enhancing NMDA function during the retention interval produces rapid forgetting.

Question 12

Inhibition of either NMDA receptors or voltage-dependent calcium channels (vdCCs) can prevent the forgetting of an object-location memory.

Question 13

Enhancing NMDA function during the retention interval prevents forgetting, whereas inhibiting NMDA function accelerates forgetting.

Question 14

Enhancing NMDA function during the retention interval accelerates forgetting, whereas inhibiting NMDA function prevents forgetting.

Question 15

In its active state the GTPase Rac1 often leads to rapid forgetting. If Rac1 is inactive, however, the rate of forgetting is markedly slower.

Question 16

Stress produced by social isolation increases the rate of forgetting because it puts Rac1 in the inactive state.

Question 17

Stress produced by social isolation increases the rate of forgetting because it puts Rac1 in the active state.

Question 18

The consolidation period ends when the memory trace is no longer vulnerable to the disruption of transcription and translation processes.

Question 19

The consolidation period ends when the memory trace is no longer vulnerable to the disruption of ZIP.

Question 20

PKMζ may have evolved to prevent forgetting.

Question 21

ZIP erases established memories, even if the memory is 25 days old.

Question 22

PKMζ can enhance already established memories.

Question 23

ZIP will erase taste-aversion memories only if injected at a specific time after acquisition.

Question 24

By interfering with NMDA receptor function, PKMζ can prevent forgetting.

Question 25

By interfering with AMPA receptor endocytosis, PKMζ can prevent forgetting.

Question 26

Enhancing NMDA function during the retention interval enhances forgetting whereas inhibiting NMDA function accelerates forgetting.

Question 27

The dominate negative PKMζ construct enhances forgetting because it is highly active.

Question 28

Describe the competing memory theory of forgetting.

Question 29

Why did Brian Derrick conclude that the activation NMDA receptors during the retention interval produces forgetting?

Question 30

How did Migues et al. confirm the importance of NMDA receptor function for forgetting?

Question 31

Why does GluR23y prevent forgetting?

Question 32

Imagine a drug that inhibited the activity of Rac1. What effect should this drug have on forgetting?

Question 33

Dudai used two strategies to assess the role of PKMζ in preventing forgetting. What were they?

Question 34

Why does PKMζ decrease the rate of forgetting?

Question 35

What might be the important brain adaptation that is responsible for why we forget?

Question 36

_______ trace theory asserts that forgetting is retrieval failure that is due to competition among similar memory traces for expression.

Question 37

Social isolation enhances _______ activity.

Question 38

In its _______ state Rac1 accelerates forgetting.

Question 39

_______ NMDA receptor function during the retention interval prevents forgetting.

Question 40

The peptide _______ prevents forgetting.

Question 41

GluR23y prevents forgetting by inhibiting the exocytic removal of _______.

Question 42

From the perspective of the brain, processes that produce _______ may have evolved to help maintain the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs on a neuron.

Question 43

Forgetting, according to most psychologists, is the result of _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) the removal of AMPA receptors
B) interfering with consolidation of the to be remembered event
C) competition for the expression of the target memory
D) erasure the memory trace
E) None of the above

Question 44

If forgetting is due to intrinsically active neural processes, then _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) it should be possible to prevent forgetting
B) all memories potentially can be erased
C) it should be possible to enhance memory retention
D) all forms of forgetting are due to retrieval failures
E) None of the above

Question 45

Memory retention can be enhanced by _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) increasing the level of calcium in the spine during the retention period
B) blocking AMPA receptors during the retention period
C) blocking NMDA receptors during the retention period
D) preventing AMPA receptor endocytosis
E) None of the above

Question 46

According to the Hardt-Migues experiments, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) enhancing NMDA activity during retention prevents forgetting
B) removal of AMPA receptors should prevent forgetting
C) enhancing NMDA activity during retention increases the rate of forgetting
D) NMDA receptors bidirectionally regulate forgetting
E) None of the above

Question 47

Stress prior to learning has been found to influence memory retention by _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) increasing calcium in the spine
B) directly removing AMPA receptor endocytosis
C) increasing the activity of Rac1
D) decreasing the activity of Rac1
E) None of the above

Question 48

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Post-translation processes are sufficient maintain memories.
B) Post-translation processes that build large spines are critical to memory maintenance.
C) Large spines are sufficient to prevent forgetting.
D) Competition for synaptic proteins is usually won by large spines.
E) None of the above

Question 49

Which do(es) not require PKMζ? (Select all that apply.)

A) AMPA receptor endocytosis
B) Memory formation
C) The long-term maintenance of memory
D) The acquisition of a taste aversion memory
E) None of the above