Deck 12: Memory Modulation Systems

Question 1

Memory modulators are part of the memory storage system.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The strength of the memory trace can be modified for up to ten hours after its formation.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Memory modulators are not part of the memory storage system.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

McGaugh used strychnine to inhibit memory modulation.

Question 5

The amygdala is stores place-learning memories.

Question 6

The amygdala consists of many subnuclei, but only neurons in the central amygdala are critical for memory modulation.

Question 7

The amygdala consists of many subnuclei, but only neurons in the BLA are critical for memory modulation.

Question 8

Epinephrine's role as a memory modulator is well established in animal models, but its role in human memory is unknown.

Question 9

Epinephrine is not found in neurons.

Question 10

Stimulating the vagal nerve following inhibitory avoidance training can enhance the memory.

Question 11

Inhibiting the output of the locus coeruleus will interfere with memory storage because no epinephrine will be released by the adrenal gland.

Question 12

Inhibiting the output of the locus coeruleus will interfere with memory storage because no norepinephrine will be released into the BLA.

Question 13

By itself, electric shock will cause norepinephrine to be released in the amygdala.

Question 14

Epinephrine crosses the blood-brain barrier.

Question 15

Glucose but not epinephrine can cross the blood-brain barrier.

Question 16

Epinephrine but not glucose can cross the blood-brain barrier.

Question 17

Glucose is released into the blood stream from the adrenal gland.

Question 18

Glucose is released into the blood stream from the liver.

Question 19

In older rats, the adrenal gland no longer releases epinephrine in response to arousing events.

Question 20

In older rats, the liver no longer releases glucose in response to epinephrine.

Question 21

Old rats show enhance phosphorylated CREB.

Question 22

Epinephrine has been demonstrated to restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.

Question 23

A glucose injection restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.

Question 24

If propranolol is injected into the amygdala following a place-learning task, the rat's memory for the platform location will be impaired.

Question 25

One reason the basolateral region of the amygdala (BLA) is believed to be the primary mediator of epinephrine's influence on memory is because it has many anatomical connections with other regions of the brain that store memories.

Question 26

A behavioral experience can have two independent effects. What are they?

Question 27

What are memory modulators?

Question 28

How was strychnine, a lethal poison, used to study memory modulation?

Question 29

What is the evidence that the amygdala facilitates the storage of some memories but is not needed to retain the memory?

Question 30

Epinephrine molecules are too large to cross the blood-brain barrier. So, how can epinephrine that is released into the blood stream influence memory modulation?

Question 31

Describe how epinephrine brings about the release of norepinephrine into the BLA.

Question 32

What is the key outcome of the vagus connection?

Question 33

What was the rationale for using the microdialysis methodology to study memory modulation by epinephrine?

Question 34

Norepinephrine causes amygdala neurons in the BLA to generate a sustained release of glutamate onto neurons in the target storage sites. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

Question 35

What were the results of experiments in which lidocaine or clenbuterol were injected into the BLA?

Question 36

What is the connection between epinephrine, the flight-or-fight response, and memory modulation?

Question 37

Old rats are significantly impaired when the retention interval is seven days. Explain why. Is this impairment reversible?

Question 38

Impaired CREB activation is related in part to age-related changes in the adrenal response to arousal. What evidence supports this assertion?

Question 39

_______ influence only the long-term storage of very recently acquired memories.

Question 40

Epinephrine, also known as _______, is secreted by the adrenal medulla into the blood stream.

Question 41

Norepinephrine is released by the _______, into the _______.

Question 42

Human subjects injected with _______ immediately following exposure to visual scenes had better recall than other subjects.

Question 43

The memory enhancing effect of epinephrine depends on the time separating _______ and the _______ of the hormone.

Question 44

Epinephrine in the blood stream binds to adrenergic receptors located on the _______ nerve.

Question 45

The vagus nerve carries information about the body and synapses on a brain stem region called the _______.

Question 46

The injection of _______ into the amygdala following the place-learning task will enhance retention performance.

Question 47

The flow of energy in cells is called _______.

Question 48

The liver cells contain _______ receptors that initiate signaling that causes the liver to secrete glucose into the blood stream after an arousing event is experienced.

Question 49

Old animals display a failure of the _______ to respond to epinephrine.

Question 50

The phosphorylation of _______ is impaired in old rats.

Question 51

Unlike adrenaline, _______ can directly enter the brain.

Question 52

Which statement(s) about memory modulators is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

A) They affect all memories, regardless of how old the memory is.
B) They are important for memory retrieval.
C) They influence synapses that store memories.
D) They influence the strength of the memory.
E) None of the above

Question 53

Which is/are part(s) of the memory modulation framework? (Select all that apply.)

A) Modulating brain regions store memories
B) Modulators have a time-limited role
C) A behavioral experience can activate hormonal systems
D) Modulating brain regions do not store memories
E) None of the above

Question 54

The amygdala is a key modulating region because _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) it supports fear conditioning
B) it projects widely to other regions of the brain
C) its removal prevents retrieval of a place location memory
D) infusion of amphetamine into it following training enhances retention
E) None of the above

Question 55

The adrenal hormone epinephrine has been shown to _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) impair memory retrieval when inject immediately following avoidance conditioning
B) enhance memory retrieval when injected several hours after avoidance conditioning
C) enhance avoidance memory retrieval in a time dependent manner
D) enhance memory retrieval for visual scenes
E) None of the above

Question 56

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Epinephrine directly enters the brain.
B) Epinephrine binds to receptors on the vagus nerve.
C) The nucleus accumbens release norepinephrine into many brain regions.
D) Inhibiting adrenergic receptors in the amygdala enhances memory.
E) The locus coeruleus is release norepinephrine into the amygdala.

Question 57

If the vagus nerve is inhibited immediately following avoidance training, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) memory will be enhanced
B) release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus will be impaired
C) epinephrine will not be released from the adrenal gland
D) memory will be impaired
E) release of glutamate from neurons in the solitary tract nucleus will be reduced

Question 58

When a beta-adrenergic agonist such as clenbuterol is injected into the BLA following avoidance training, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) translation of Arc protein in the hippocampus will be enhanced
B) translation of Arc protein in the hippocampus will be reduce
C) memory for avoidance training will be enhance
D) there will be no effect on memory
E) None of the above

Question 59

Injecting lidocaine into the BLA following avoidance training will impair memory because it will _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) enhance the release of glutamate from BLA neurons projecting to other regions of the brain
B) reduce the release or norepinephrine on to BLA neurons
C) enhance Arc translation in the hippocampus
D) prevent glutamate release by neurons solitary tract nucleus
E) None of the above

Question 60

When epinephrine is released from the adrenal gland, it _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) binds to glutamate receptors in the BLA
B) binds to adrenergic receptors on the liver
C) initiates the "flight or fight" reaction
D) is associated with the release of glucose from the liver
E) None of the above

Question 61

Old rats cannot maintain a long-lasting avoidance memory because _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) avoidance training does not initiate the release of epinephrine
B) avoidance training does not initiate CREB phosphorylation
C) they cannot mount a glucose response
D) glucose does not cross their blood brain barrier
E) None of the above