Question 1

What are memory modulators?

Accepted Answer

Hormonal and other neural systems that are not part of the storage system but can influence the synapses that store the memory

Question 2

Memory modulators are not part of the memory storage system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

What is the evidence that the amygdala facilitates the storage of some memories but is not needed to retain the memory?

Accepted Answer

Both the place-learning and visible-platform versions of the Morris water-escape task can be learned and remembered even when the amygdala is significantly damaged. However, when a stimulant drug is injected into the amygdala following training, retention performance on both versions of the task is enhanced.

Question 4

Norepinephrine causes amygdala neurons in the BLA to generate a sustained release of glutamate onto neurons in the target storage sites. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Norepinephrine causes amygdala neurons in the BLA...

Question 5

Epinephrine, also known as _______, is secreted by the adrenal medulla into the blood stream.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Epinephrine, also known as _______, is secreted...

Question 6

When epinephrine is released from the adrenal gland, it _______. (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  binds to glutamate receptors in the BLA 
B)  binds to adrenergic receptors on the liver 
C)  initiates the "flight or fight" reaction 
D)  is associated with the release of glucose from the liver 
E)  None of the above 
A)  binds to glutamate receptors in the BLA 
B)  binds to adrenergic receptors on the liver 
C)  initiates the "flight or fight" reaction 
D)  is associated with the release of glucose from the liver 
E)  None of the above

Question 7

What is the key outcome of the vagus connection?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the key outcome of the...

Question 8

_______ influence only the long-term storage of very recently acquired memories.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ influence only the long-term storage of...

Question 9

Old animals display a failure of the _______ to respond to epinephrine.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Old animals display a failure of the...

Question 10

If the vagus nerve is inhibited immediately following avoidance training, _______. (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  memory will be enhanced 
B)  release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus will be impaired 
C)  epinephrine will not be released from the adrenal gland 
D)  memory will be impaired 
E)  release of glutamate from neurons in the solitary tract nucleus will be reduced 
A)  memory will be enhanced 
B)  release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus will be impaired 
C)  epinephrine will not be released from the adrenal gland 
D)  memory will be impaired 
E)  release of glutamate from neurons in the solitary tract nucleus will be reduced

Question 11

Memory modulators are part of the memory storage system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

What was the rationale for using the microdialysis methodology to study memory modulation by epinephrine?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What was the rationale for using the...

Question 13

Which is/are part(s) of the memory modulation framework? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Modulating brain regions store memories 
B)  Modulators have a time-limited role 
C)  A behavioral experience can activate hormonal systems 
D)  Modulating brain regions do not store memories 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Modulating brain regions store memories 
B)  Modulators have a time-limited role 
C)  A behavioral experience can activate hormonal systems 
D)  Modulating brain regions do not store memories 
E)  None of the above

Question 14

Epinephrine has been demonstrated to restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

The amygdala is a key modulating region because _______. (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  it supports fear conditioning 
B)  it projects widely to other regions of the brain 
C)  its removal prevents retrieval of a place location memory 
D)  infusion of amphetamine into it following training enhances retention 
E)  None of the above 
A)  it supports fear conditioning 
B)  it projects widely to other regions of the brain 
C)  its removal prevents retrieval of a place location memory 
D)  infusion of amphetamine into it following training enhances retention 
E)  None of the above

Question 16

Epinephrine but not glucose can cross the blood-brain barrier.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Which statement(s) about memory modulators is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  They affect all memories, regardless of how old the memory is. 
B)  They are important for memory retrieval. 
C)  They influence synapses that store memories. 
D)  They influence the strength of the memory. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  They affect all memories, regardless of how old the memory is. 
B)  They are important for memory retrieval. 
C)  They influence synapses that store memories. 
D)  They influence the strength of the memory. 
E)  None of the above

Question 18

A behavioral experience can have two independent effects. What are they?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A behavioral experience can have two independent...

Question 19

A glucose injection restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Glucose is released into the blood stream from the liver.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

What are memory modulators?

Memory modulators are not part of the memory storage system.

What is the evidence that the amygdala facilitates the storage of some memories but is not needed to retain the memory?

Norepinephrine causes amygdala neurons in the BLA to generate a sustained release of glutamate onto neurons in the target storage sites. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

Epinephrine, also known as _______, is secreted by the adrenal medulla into the blood stream.

When epinephrine is released from the adrenal gland, it _______. (Select all that apply.)

What is the key outcome of the vagus connection?

_______ influence only the long-term storage of very recently acquired memories.

Old animals display a failure of the _______ to respond to epinephrine.

If the vagus nerve is inhibited immediately following avoidance training, _______. (Select all that apply.)

Memory modulators are part of the memory storage system.

What was the rationale for using the microdialysis methodology to study memory modulation by epinephrine?

Which is/are part(s) of the memory modulation framework? (Select all that apply.)

Epinephrine has been demonstrated to restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.

The amygdala is a key modulating region because _______. (Select all that apply.)

Epinephrine but not glucose can cross the blood-brain barrier.

Which statement(s) about memory modulators is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

A behavioral experience can have two independent effects. What are they?

A glucose injection restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.

Glucose is released into the blood stream from the liver.

Introduction: Fundamental Concepts and Historical Foundations

Memory and the Brain: Central Concepts

Generating Long-Term Potentiation

Stabilizing Long-Term Potentiation

Consolidating Ltp: Translation and Transcription

Consolidating Ltp: Specific Mechanisms

Maintaining Long-Term Potentiation

Bringing It All Together

Making Memories: Conceptual Issues and Methodologies

Memory Formation: Early Stages

Memory Consolidation

The Yin and Yang of Memory: Forgetting Versus Maintenance

Hunting for Engrams

The Fate of Retrieved Memories

Memory Systems and the Hippocampus

The Hippocampus Index and Episodic Memory

When Memories Age

Actions, Habits, and the Cortico-Striatal System

Learning About Danger: the Neurobiology of Fear Memories

Filters

Exam 12: Memory Modulation Systems

What are memory modulators?

Memory modulators are not part of the memory storage system.

What is the evidence that the amygdala facilitates the storage of some memories but is not needed to retain the memory?

Norepinephrine causes amygdala neurons in the BLA to generate a sustained release of glutamate onto neurons in the target storage sites. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

Epinephrine, also known as _______, is secreted by the adrenal medulla into the blood stream.

When epinephrine is released from the adrenal gland, it _______. (Select all that apply.)

What is the key outcome of the vagus connection?

_______ influence only the long-term storage of very recently acquired memories.

Old animals display a failure of the _______ to respond to epinephrine.

If the vagus nerve is inhibited immediately following avoidance training, _______. (Select all that apply.)

Memory modulators are part of the memory storage system.

What was the rationale for using the microdialysis methodology to study memory modulation by epinephrine?

Which is/are part(s) of the memory modulation framework? (Select all that apply.)

Epinephrine has been demonstrated to restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.

The amygdala is a key modulating region because _______. (Select all that apply.)

Epinephrine but not glucose can cross the blood-brain barrier.

Which statement(s) about memory modulators is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

A behavioral experience can have two independent effects. What are they?

A glucose injection restores the level of phosphorylated CREB in old rats trained on the avoidance task.

Glucose is released into the blood stream from the liver.

Introduction: Fundamental Concepts and Historical Foundations

Memory and the Brain: Central Concepts

Generating Long-Term Potentiation

Stabilizing Long-Term Potentiation

Consolidating Ltp: Translation and Transcription

Consolidating Ltp: Specific Mechanisms

Maintaining Long-Term Potentiation

Bringing It All Together

Making Memories: Conceptual Issues and Methodologies

Memory Formation: Early Stages

Memory Consolidation

The Yin and Yang of Memory: Forgetting Versus Maintenance

Hunting for Engrams

The Fate of Retrieved Memories

Memory Systems and the Hippocampus

The Hippocampus Index and Episodic Memory

When Memories Age

Actions, Habits, and the Cortico-Striatal System

Learning About Danger: the Neurobiology of Fear Memories

Filters