Deck 11: Memory Consolidation

Question 1

Short-term memories are more vulnerable to disruption than long-term memories.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The decay rate for long-term memories is more rapid than the decay rate for short-term memories.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

If a molecule is critical for long-term memory, it should also be critical for short-term memory.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

To determine the role of a molecule in memory the experiment should use at least two retention intervals.

Question 5

A memory may be considered consolidated when it is no longer vulnerable to transcription and translation inhibitors.

Question 6

Blocking protein synthesis interferes with the formation of short-term memories.

Question 7

Alberini's laboratory found that inhibiting protein synthesis (with anisomycin) a few minutes after training did not interfere with retention two days after training but did prevent retention seven and nine days later.

Question 8

Rapamycin administer prior to training interfered with retention one hour later.

Question 9

Rapamycin administer prior to training interfered with retention two and seven days later.

Question 10

That rapamycin administers just before training interfered with retention two and seven days later indicates that the mTOR pathway is critically for at least two ways of protein synthesis.

Question 11

Disrupting either the mTORC1 or the mTORC2 complex will impair the development of long-term memory but have no influence on the formation of short-term memory.

Question 12

The mTORC2 complex regulates protein synthesis but the mTORC1 complex regulates actin polymerization.

Question 13

The mTORC2 complex regulates actin polymerization but the mTORC1 complex regulates protein synthesis.

Question 14

The TOP protein 4E-BP normally interferes with the initiation of local protein synthesis.

Question 15

If the first wave of BDNF protein synthesis is blocked retention at both the one- and seven-day interval will be impaired.

Question 16

The BDNF-TrkB pathway is critical to two waves of protein synthesis.

Question 17

The second wave of protein synthesis depends on genomic signaling initiated by the BDNF-TrkB pathway.

Question 18

The TrkB receptor is activated by the first messenger glutamate.

Question 19

C/EBPβ is targeted by CaMKII for transcription.

Question 20

C/EBPβ is targeted by CREB for transcription.

Question 21

C/EBPβ is a transcription factor.

Question 22

C/EBPβ is critical to the first wave of protein synthesis.

Question 23

C/EBPβ is critical to the second wave of protein synthesis.

Question 24

Inhibiting protein synthesis should effect short-term memory.

Question 25

The mTORC1 complex is important to local protein synthesis.

Question 26

If C/EBPβ is inhibited, BDNF will be transcribed

Question 27

What is the key independent variable manipulated to determine if a molecule is selectively involved in LTM but not STM?

Question 28

What is the retention interval?

Question 29

A drug inhibits molecule X, and it impaired performance at the long, 24-hour retention interval but had no effect on performance at the short, 1-hour retention interval. What can be said about the contribution of molecule X to memory?

Question 30

How did John Guzowski examine the importance of CREB for memory retention?

Question 31

What were the results and implications of systematically injecting the protein-synthesis inhibitor anisomycin prior to fear conditioning?

Question 32

Why would one vary the interval separating training and the administration of a protein synthesis inhibitor such as anisomycin?

Question 33

Anisomycin administered just prior to training prevents retention at two-, seven-, and nine-day intervals. But, if anisomycin is administered just a few minutes following training, it only impairs retention at the seven- and nine-day intervals. What does this collection of findings imply?

Question 34

What is the role of C/EBPβ in the autoregulatory loop?

Question 35

What is the role of BDNF in the autoregulatory loop?

Question 36

What are the differences between mTORC1 and mTORC2?

Question 37

What is the evidence that proteins translated in response to the mTORC1 signaling are important for the consolidation of long-term memory but not for producing a short-term memory?

Question 38

Why is the rictor KO mouse useful?

Question 39

What is the importance of the two distinct peak levels of BDNF expression?

Question 40

Describe two sources of evidence that BDNF is important for memory consolidation.

Question 41

How might sleep contribute to consolidation?

Question 42

What is the evidence that the UPS is involved in memory consolidation?

Question 43

When trying to assess the effect of a gene or drug on short-term memory, the retention interval is _______ or less.

Question 44

_______ is critical to both the first and second waves of protein synthesis.

Question 45

Rapamycin _______ the function of the mTORC1 complex.

Question 46

The mTORC2 complex regulates processes that contribute to the regulation of _______.

Question 47

The TOP protein _______ normally interferes with the initiation of local protein synthesis

Question 48

C/EBPβ's primary role in the autoregulatory loop is to target _______ for transcription

Question 49

If rapamycin is delivered _______ avoidance learning it will prevent retentions at retention intervals two days or longer.

Question 50

According to the text, memory consolidation _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) depends only on the translation of new proteins
B) does not require post-translation processes
C) is over in about one hour
D) can depend on multiple waves of transcription and translation
E) None of the above

Question 51

Which (statement)s about memory is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

A) CREB deletion impairs LTM.
B) Blocking CREB translation impairs STM.
C) CREB overexpression can improve LTM under certain conditions.
D) Neurons that overexpress CREB do not compete successfully for selection in the neuronal ensemble that supports a fear memory.
E) None of the above

Question 52

Inhibiting protein synthesis just prior to avoidance training _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) impairs memory retention one hour following training
B) impairs memory retention at all retention intervals
C) impairs retention at all retentions intervals longer than hour
D) has no effect on memory retention one hour following training
E) None of the above

Question 53

The initial round of protein synthesis _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) depends on genomic signaling
B) depends of post-translation processes
C) depends on BDNF $\rightarrow$ TrkB signaling
D) depends on both post-translation processes and BDNF signaling
E) does not depend on post-translation processes

Question 54

If mTOR is inhibited by rapamycin five minutes after avoidance conditioning, memory retention would _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) be impaired at all retention intervals longer than one hour
B) be impaired at all retention intervals longer than one day
C) not be impaired at any retention interval
D) not be impaired if the retention interval is one hour or less.
E) None of the above

Question 55

Inhibiting the mTORC1 complex _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) interferes with actin polymerization
B) interferes with local protein synthesis
C) could interfere with consolidation
D) would have no effect on memory retention
E) None of the above

Question 56

Which statement(s) is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

A) CREB deletion impairs LTM.
B) Blocking CREB translation impairs STM.
C) C/EBP $\beta$ is a transcription factor.
D) Antisense against C/EBP $\beta$ 5 hours but not 24 hours following to avoidance training interferes with long term retention
E) None of the above

Question 57

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) C/EBP $\beta$ targets CREB for transcription.
B) C/EBP $\beta$ mRNA becomes detectable as soon as CREB is phosphorylated.
C) BDNF can initiate phosphorylation of CREB.
D) A second wave of protein synthesis is necessary for a memory to last for 7 or more days.
E) CREB targets C/EBP $\beta$ for transcription.