Deck 6: The Role of Procriminal Associates and Attitudes in Criminal Conduct

Question 1

Subcultural theories suggest that gangs provide a means for obtaining material goods and

A) can obtain a better price for drugs by buying in bulk
B) fill emotional gaps in their lives because of the absence of a parent
C)expressing anger toward middle-class values
D) displace aggression onto themselves
E) an opportunity to "talk out" problems

Answer 1

expressing anger toward middle-class values

Question 2

Learning to rationalize breaking the law

A) is inadvertently encouraged by society
B) helps to avoid punishment
C) provides a motive for criminal behavior
D) allows the individual to control his or her own behavior
E)all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

That criminal behavior is positively correlated with having delinquent friends is predicted from

A) anomie theory
B) labeling theory
C) limited opportunities
D)differential association
E) conflict theory

Answer 3

differential association

Question 4

Families with poor relationships and structuring skills may affect the child's

A) self-esteem
B) ability to cope with everyday problems
C) relationships with prosocial friends
D) involvement with delinquents
E)all of the above

Question 5

The peer group of the delinquent encourages deviant behavior by

A) ignoring deviant behavior
B) punishing prosocial behavior
C) reinforcing prosocial behavior and ignoring criminal behavior
D)reinforcing criminal behavior and punishing prosocial behavior
E) modeling prosocial behavior

Question 6

Delinquent gangs are

A)fluid, with most members leaving the gang within four years
B) stable, with most members remaining in the gang for fear of retaliation
C) not as common as the media and police portray
D) easily defined
E) comprised of psychopaths

Question 7

An Antisocial Personality Pattern

A)predisposes one to associate with delinquents
B) isolates one from delinquent subgroups because of the unpredictability associated with the personality
C) is neutral with respect to delinquent associations
D) is less likely than psychopathy among delinquent gangs
E) is highly associated with violent gangs

Question 8

Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT)

A) is a school-based prevention program
B) has police officers delivering the program rather than teachers
C) tries to teach youths to resist peer pressure and build self-control
D) a and c only
E)all of the above

Question 9

The three main stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development are

A)preconventional, conventional, principled
B) immature, autonomous, mature
C) immoral, moral, independent
D) immature, conflicted, committed
E) immature, immoral, moral

Question 10

The attitude-behavior link is influenced by

A)social expectations to behave in accordance with the attitude
B)a "difficult" temperament
C)accessibility of the attitude
D)a and c only
E)all of the above

Question 11

An example of the procriminal attitude, Identification with Criminal Others, includes

A)Miller's focal concerns
B) Sykes and Matza's techniques of neutralization
C) rejecting social convention
D) "a hungry man has the right to steal" or "he was insured"
E) Bandura et al.'s (1996) exonerating mechanisms

Question 12

The Criminal Sentiments Scale measures

A) Identification with Criminal Others
B) Neutralizations
C) Rejection of Convention
D) b and c only
E)all of the above

Question 13

Procriminal attitudes

A) constitute a static risk factor
B)constitute a dynamic risk factor
C) once learned, are difficult to change
D) are difficult to measure
E) are learned through gang involvement