Deck 3: Social Categorization and Stereotypes

Question 1

The process of simplifying our environment by grouping people together by the characteristics they have in common is labeled

A) categorization.
B) stereotyping.
C) homogenizing.
D) subtyping.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following statements about assessing the content of people's stereotypes about a social group is true?

A) Knowing the content of people's stereotypes tells us who is high or low in prejudice.
B) People are faster at reporting negative than positive stereotypes about a social group.
C) Both implicit and explicit measures can be used to assess the content of people's stereotypes.
D) Measures of stereotypic content can be used to indicate people's readiness to stereotype others.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A researcher asked a group of adults to list the characteristics they associate with transgender people. This researcher was interested in

A) how adults process stereotyped information.
B) how ingroups and outgroups are created.
C) the content of the "transgender person" stereotype.
D) whether these beliefs reflect the outgroup homogeneity effect.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Idil watched a video in which a man engaged in ten behaviors associated with con- struction workers and an equal number of behaviors associated with lawyers. Idil believed the man in the video was a lawyer. Idil is most likely to later recall the man's behaviors that were

A) consistent with her stereotypes about men in general.
B) consistent with her stereotypes about lawyers.
C) inconsistent with her stereotypes about lawyers.
D) shown in the first few minutes and the last few minutes of the video.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a question relevant to the processing of stereotypic information?

A) What characteristics are associated with a social group?
B) How and when is stereotypic information retrieved?
C) Do stereotypes change and, if so, how?
D) How do people's motivations affect their tendency to use stereotypes?

Question 6

The results of research indicate that when observers read about someone who has characteristics that are both consistent and inconsistent with their expectations, they will be

A) more likely to accurately recall the inconsistent information.
B) initially unable to recall the inconsistent information, but later will be able to.
C) better at remembering information that is consistent with their expectations.
D) initially better at recalling the inconsistent information, but over time will recall only the consistent information.

Question 7

Trevor's professor gave a lecture on unconscious biases and how they operate. The professor then asked the students to complete a measure of unconscious bias toward people who are older. Trevor's results showed evidence of bias against this social group. Having become aware of his unconscious bias, in the future, Trevor will most likely

A) respond defensively in group discussions about unconscious biases.
B) be less likely to attend class.
C) score higher on exam questions about this topic.
D) be more motivated to control his prejudiced responses to older people.

Question 8

Giving students specific feedback about their own biases in cognitive processing

A) increases students' exam scores on this topic.
B) is most helpful to students who are high in prejudice.
C) reduces students' willingness to participate in group discussion.
D) increases the chances that the professor will have low teaching evaluations.

Question 9

Fredric Bartlett asked research participants to read a story about Native Americans. He later asked them to recall details of the story. His results showed that participants

A) recalled only the most engaging aspects of the story.
B) were better at recalling the parts of the story that were different from their own experience.
C) changed details of the story to make them fit with their own culture and ideas.
D) recalled the same details of the story after eight days and after one year.

Question 10

When meeting a person, which type of information are we likely to notice first?

A) Whether the person has a disability.
B) Whether the person is tall or short.
C) The person's race.
D) The person's emotional state.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a basic social category?

A) Age
B) Gender
C) Race
D) Sexual orientation

Question 12

Which of the following statements about basic social categories is false?

A) Information about the category is readily available to the perceiver.
B) At a societal level, people often disagree about the characteristics that members of those categories have in common.
C) Perceivers tend to treat all members of a basic social category similarly.
D) Basic categories have important cultural meanings.

Question 13

The idea that people are members of multiple basic social categories simultaneously is called-------------------.

A) top-down processing
B) category complexity
C) intersectionality
D) multi-ethnicity

Question 14

Which of the following statements is supported by research on subtyping?

A) Stereotypes based on subtypes are less likely to be accurate than are stereotypes based on basic category membership.
B) People rarely rely on positive subtypes.
C) People who are high in prejudice are more likely to use subtypes than are people low in prejudice.
D) All basic categories have subtypes.

Question 15

Category subtypes

A) limit people's tendency to stereotype.
B) are generally only positive.
C) are useful for making fine-grained judgments about others.
D) negate the broader concepts represented by basic social categories.

Question 16

Lars generally believes that women are better at cooking than men are. However, his roommate, Karl, is an excellent cook. To account for this exception, Lars thinks of his roommate as a "male cook." Social psychologists call this process .

A) subtyping
B) intersectionality
C) dispersion
D) stereotype endorsement

Question 17

Subtypes can be based on-------------------.

A) traits
B) social roles
C) occupations
D) any of the above

Question 18

Bottom-up processing

A) is based on the observable characteristics of the people we encounter.
B) is less accurate than top-down processing.
C) relies on the processing of facial features rather than other physical characteristics.
D) relies on information about social groups that is stored in memory.

Question 19

Jolene meets a person dressed in a military uniform. She concludes that this person is probably physically fit. Her conclusion is likely based on

A) top-down processing.
B) episodic recall.
C) the minimal group paradigm.
D) the width-to-height ratio of the person's face.

Question 20

When perceivers call on the prior knowledge they have stored in memory to classify others, they are engaged in

A) an intersectional analysis.
B) top-down processing.
C) bottom-up processing.
D) episodic recall.

Question 21

People who have a so-called baby face

A) are liked less than people with other face shapes.
B) are punished more severely for crimes.
C) are seen as physically weak and submissive.
D) all of the above.

Question 22

Derrick has a large nose, almond-shaped eyes, and a large chin. In the absence of other information, observers are likely to conclude that Derrick

A) has a dominant personality.
B) would be a good teacher.
C) is honest but naïve.
D) is physically weak.

Question 23

Faces of members of which social group generally have a larger width-to-height ratio?

A) Asians
B) Men
C) Older adults
D) Wealthy people

Question 24

Monty's face has a large width-to-height ratio. When observers see him for the first time, they are likely to conclude that he is

A) kind.
B) trustworthy.
C) aggressive.
D) transgender.

Question 25

Harry is 75 years old and his face is taller and thinner than the average man. Observers are likely to conclude that he is

A) wise.
B) wealthy.
C) aggressive.
D) high in social power.

Question 26

Compared to a person who is not prototypical, a person who is prototypical of their social category is probably

A) categorized more easily.
B) categorized more slowly.
C) less likely to be stereotyped.
D) perceived at the subtype level.

Question 27

----------------represents the extent to which a person's physical features match those that are considered characteristic of their basic social category membership.

A) Prototypicality
B) Facial width-to-height ratio
C) Homogeneity
D) Top-down processing

Question 28

Imagine you are about to meet a woman for the first time. Under what condition(s) are you likely to categorize the woman on the basis of her race?

A) When she is an ethnic minority in a group of other ethnic minorities.
B) When she has features prototypical of her race.
C) When you have been asked to form an accurate impression.
D) All of the above.

Question 29

Seamus has features that are similar to those of other typical European males. Researchers refer to Seamus's features as-------------------of his social category.

A) prototypical
B) exclusive
C) representative
D) prescriptive

Question 30

The more prototypical of a category a person is, the more quickly and easily that person is categorized. This process is known as the-------------------.

A) rule of hypodescent
B) cross-racial identification bias
C) outgroup homogeneity effect
D) racial phenotypical bias

Question 31

Research on categorization shows that

A) White people are more accurate at categorizing Black faces than are Asian or Latinx people.
B) people are faster at categorizing Black people who have lighter skin tones.
C) people are generally unaware that they use information about another's proto- typicality in making judgments of them.
D) people are faster at categorization when they are instructed not to focus on another's prototypical features.

Question 32

Which of the following is the primary cue for estimating another person's biological sex?

A) Face shape
B) Hair length
C) Height
D) Body shape

Question 33

Oscar views a series of animated images of men and is asked to indicate the person's sexual orientation. According to research, Oscar is likely to categorize men with which physical characteristic as heterosexual?

A) Swaying hips
B) Shoulder swagger
C) Hourglass shape
D) Short hair

Question 34

Pedro identifies as politically conservative. Research shows that Pedro is most likely to rate Manuel negatively if Manuel

A) has a tubular body shape.
B) has a large height-to-width face ratio.
C) has ambiguous gender-associated characteristics.
D) has any of the above characteristics.

Question 35

Barack Obama is biracial, but he is usually referred to as a Black man. When making this categorization, perceivers have engaged in

A) the minority bias in categorization.
B) the racial phenotypical bias.
C) the cross-racial identification bias.
D) all of these biases.

Question 36

White people are viewed as the top of the implicit racial hierarchy in the United States. Which group follows White people in this hierarchy?

A) Black people
B) Asian people
C) Latinx people
D) Native American people

Question 37

Which of the following is true about the minority bias in categorization?

A) White Americans are more likely to engage in this bias than are American minority group members.
B) Cross-cultural research shows this bias occurs only in the United States.
C) This bias occurs more for people with African American facial features than for people with Asian facial features.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 38

Roshni has a Black mother and a White father. Based on her appearance, her race is ambiguous to most observers. According to research, perceivers will most likely

A) classify her as a White person.
B) classify her as a Black person.
C) classify her as a White person, but only if asked to make a quick decision.
D) wait until they have additional information before making a decision about her race.

Question 39

Why is the minority bias in categorization more likely to emerge when a Black person rather than an Asian person is being categorized?

A) Asian people stand higher than Black people in America's racial hierarchy.
B) There are more biracial Black people than biracial Asian people in the United States.
C) People have more experience recognizing the prototypical features associated with Black people.
D) The "one drop rule" was used as a basis for deciding whether Asian people could immigrate to the United States.

Question 40

When people are categorizing others based on facial features, they are most accurate when the person they are evaluating is a-------------------with-------------------.

A) gay man; feminine features
B) older person; features associated with younger people
C) transgender man; both masculine and feminine features
D) heterosexual man; feminine features

Question 41

Research participants thought of an Asian woman in terms of her gender when they saw her putting on make-up, but thought of her in terms of her race when they saw her eating with chopsticks. This finding supports the idea that-------------------can influence the categorization process.

A) prototypicality
B) context
C) stereotype endorsement
D) individual differences in prejudice

Question 42

Imagine you are asked to choose a tutor to help you with your math class. According to research on categorization, you are most likely to

A) look for a male tutor because men are thought to be better at math than are women.
B) make a faster decision if all of the candidates are White people.
C) seek out information about the candidates' math-related teaching ability.
D) look for a person of the same gender as you.

Question 43

Compared to non-prejudiced people, racially prejudiced people

A) are less likely to engage in ingroup over-exclusion.
B) first categorize people by their race and then by their gender.
C) make more categorization errors but those errors are based on the others' gender.
D) are motivated to accurately classify other people on the basis of their race.

Question 44

Which of the following individuals is more likely to categorize people on the basis of their race?

A) Carl, who is racially prejudiced.
B) Jane, who grew up in a racially diverse area.
C) Hikaru, who is a member of a racial minority group.
D) Mandy, who is a White person with several close friends who are minorities.

Question 45

Which of the following conditions is the minimum necessary to make people feel they are part of an ingroup?

A) Face-to-face interaction.
B) Shared beliefs about the outgroup.
C) Having conflicts of interest with the outgroup.
D) Being labeled as a group member.

Question 46

The procedure pioneered by Henri Tajfel to create groups based on shared, but trivial characteristics is known as the-------------------paradigm.

A) outgroup homogeneity
B) ingroup favoritism
C) subtyping
D) minimal group

Question 47

Researcher Shang randomly assigned participants to groups, but told them it was because they tended to either over- or under-estimate the number of dots on a screen. According to your text, this process

A) did not meet the criterion of "minimal group paradigm" because people were unlikely to identify with their assigned group.
B) resulted in increased liking for one's assigned group, but not ingroup favoritism based on group membership.
C) resulted in ingroup favoritism for the over-estimators, but not for the under-estimators.
D) resulted in people awarding more money to other ingroup members, even if they did not personally benefit from doing so.

Question 48

Which of the following conditions is/are sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism?

A) Personal benefit to individual group members.
B) Being categorized as a member of the ingroup.
C) Shared negative perceptions of the outgroup.
D) Any of the above conditions are sufficient.

Question 49

The tendency to see members of our own group as very different from one another and, at the same time, to see other groups' members as very similar to one another is known as the

A) outgroup perceptual bias.
B) ingroup perceptual bias.
C) ingroup homogeneity effect.
D) outgroup homogeneity effect.

Question 50

Keisa enjoys being a member of Kappa Delta Gamma sorority because of the indi- viduality she sees in its membership. She believes that members of other campus sororities are too similar to each other. Keisa's beliefs illustrate the

A) outgroup homogeneity effect.
B) outgroup perceptual bias.
C) ingroup homogeneity effect.
D) ingroup perceptual bias.

Question 51

Dallas, a White male, believes that all Asian people are good at math, but that within White males as a group, math ability varies a great deal. This is an example of

A) minority bias in categorization.
B) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
C) the minimal group effect.
D) ingroup over-exclusion.

Question 52

According to research, for which social category is the outgroup homogeneity effect
Least likely to occur?

A) Gender
B) Race/ethnicity
C) Sexual orientation
D) Disability status

Question 53

Research on the-------------------supports the proposition that outgroup members of other races "all look alike" to White people.

A) ultimate attribution error
B) minority categorization bias
C) cross-racial identification bias
D) racial phenotypical bias

Question 54

Results of research suggest that White research participants are more accurate when categorizing angry Black faces than neutral Black faces. This effect occurs because

A) Black men are stereotypically viewed as dangerous.
B) the participants are more likely to interact regularly with Black men who are in an angry mood.
C) processing angry faces requires more cognitive resources than does processing neutral faces.
D) all of the above.

Question 55

The desire to avoid treating outgroup members as though they were part of the ingroup is referred to as

A) ingroup over-exclusion.
B) outgroup under-inclusion.
C) the minimal group paradigm.
D) the outgroup homogeneity effect.

Question 56

People are more likely to engage in ingroup over-exclusion when they

A) are motivated to be accurate.
B) are angry.
C) believe resources are scarce.
D) have just seen a funny film clip about the outgroup.

Question 57

The-------------------occurs when people assume that their own group's negative behav- iors can be explained by situational processes, but similar negative actions by members of other groups are due to the internal stable characteristics of the group members.

A) outgroup homogeneity effect
B) ingroup attribution error
C) ultimate attribution error
D) ingroup homogeneity effect

Question 58

Aminta is a soccer player who learns that a member of her own team used steroids before a recent game. According to research on the ultimate attribution error, Aminta is most likely to conclude that this steroid use was due to her teammate's

A) lack of ethics.
B) personal desire to succeed.
C) feeling pressure due to upcoming playoffs.
D) lack of ability.

Question 59

Madison recently outscored all the men in her class on a linear algebra test. Stereotyping research suggests that most of the men in the class would be least likely to attribute Madison's success to

A) Madison's lucky guessing.
B) Madison's math ability.
C) the professor grading her more leniently.
D) the exam being unusually easy.

Question 60

People are most likely to engage in the ultimate attribution error when

A) the ingroup and outgroup are generally friendly toward one another.
B) emotions do not come into play.
C) they are highly prejudiced.
D) group membership is based on a basic social category.

Question 61

The ultimate attribution error occurs because people assume that their own group's negative behaviors can be explained by-------------------but similar negative actions by members of other groups are due to their-------------------.

A) situational factors; internal stable characteristics
B) internal stable characteristics; situational factors
C) accurate stereotypes; inaccurate stereotypes
D) inaccurate stereotypes; accurate stereotypes

Question 62

Imagine you are a Toronto Maple Leaf fan and you see your team make a difficult play. Later, the opposing team also makes a difficult play. According to research on the ultimate attribution error, you are most likely to attribute your team's good playing to-------------------and the opposing team's good playing to-------------------.

A) skill; luck
B) luck; skill
C) unusual circumstances; the home ice advantage
D) the home ice advantage; unusual circumstances

Question 63

When outgroup members are dehumanized, they

A) are believed to share the basic human physical features of the ingroup.
B) are believed to be incapable of experiencing basic human emotions.
C) are avoided, but not necessarily disliked.
D) all of the above.

Question 64

According to research on dehumanization, people from a lower socioeconomic status are

A) viewed with pity, but not indifference.
B) viewed as intelligent but lazy.
C) rated negatively, but only by highly prejudiced people.
D) believed to share characteristics with dogs and cats.

Question 65

Which of the following is true about how the faces of members of dehumanized social groups are processed?

A) Features such as the nose, mouth, and eyes are processed separately.
B) The medial prefrontal cortex is activated.
C) Faces are dehumanized only when the perceivers have been negatively primed.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 66

Researchers ask people to categorize social group members based on images that look less or more human like. This measure is called the

A) Holistic Processing Scale.
B) Evolutionary Grid.
C) Ascent Dehumanization Measure.
D) Animal-to-Human Scale.

Question 67

Which of the following groups has been rated as least human in studies of dehumanization?

A) Japanese
B) Spanish
C) Australians
D) Roma

Question 68

Which of the following negative behaviors have been rated as acceptable by people who engage in the dehumanization of social groups?

A) Signing a petition to prohibit Muslim travel to the United States.
B) Rating people of a lower socioeconomic status as similar to dogs and rats.
C) Supporting educational discrimination against the Roma.
D) All of the above.

Question 69

The-------------------stems from our tendency to give relatively little weight to how situational factors constrain behavior.

A) correspondence bias
B) ingroup perceptual bias
C) outgroup homogeneity effect
D) minimal group effect

Question 70

At her university, Yasmin observes that most professors in elementary education are women and that elementary education professors are kinder than her other professors. According to social role theory of the origins of stereotypes, based on this observa- tion, Yasmin is likely to conclude that

A) men dislike children.
B) most women are kinder than most men.
C) effective teaching of elementary education requires kind behaviors.
D) women who are kind choose to be elementary education professors.

Question 71

According to social role theory, stereotypes develop because

A) people are accurate observers of social roles.
B) people choose social roles that fit their personality.
C) observers give insufficient weight to the effects of situational factors on behaviors.
D) observers give insufficient weight to the effects of personality on behaviors.

Question 72

According to social role theory, if people are asked to explain why nurses are caring, they would say that

A) their role requires nurses to be caring.
B) women are more caring than men and most nurses are women.
C) supervisors of medical facilities are reluctant to hire men as nurses.
D) they are trained to be kind in college.

Question 73

When we observe others, we pay attention to the social roles they occupy and, in doing so, come to associate the characteristics of the roles with the individuals who occupy them. This is predicted by-------------------and is also an example of the-------------------.

A) the outgroup homogeneity effect; correspondence bias
B) social role theory; correspondence bias
C) social learning theory; ultimate attribution error
D) social role theory; ultimate attribution error

Question 74

People's tendency to overestimate the relationship between two categories when the information they observe is distinctive is called a(n)

A) ultimate attribution error.
B) ingroup homogeneity bias.
C) correspondence bias.
D) illusory correlation.

Question 75

Seeing a member of a distinctive group perform an undesirable behavior can lead to the perception that the group has a "natural" tendency to perform that behavior. This perception is called

A) illusory correlation.
B) social role learning.
C) categorization.
D) one-trial stereotyping.

Question 76

Which of the following statements about illusory correlations is/are true?

A) Judgment errors are magnified when the groups being observed are of the same size.
B) Actions of the majority group are under greater scrutiny than actions of the minority group.
C) Once in place, stereotypic perceptions based on illusory correlations are difficult to correct.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 77

According to the results of research on depictions of crime in the media,

A) White people most often appear as victims of crime.
B) Black people most often appear as perpetrators of crime.
C) Latinx people are underrepresented as both crime perpetrators and crime victims.
D) All of the above.

Question 78

According to the results of research on social group representation in the entertain- ment media,

A) more lead roles go to Asian men or Latino men than to Black men.
B) men are more likely to be shown with some nudity than are women.
C) women are more likely to have lead roles in films for children rather than films for teenagers and adults.
D) if a character is over 40, they are also likely to be male and White.

Question 79

According to the results of research on characters who appear in entertainment media

A) gay people are overrepresented relative to their numbers in the population.
B) today, ethnic minorities are just as likely to have speaking roles as are White Americans.
C) women, more so than men, are depicted in sexualized roles.
D) working-class people are overrepresented compared to their numbers in the pop- ulation of the United States.

Question 80

According to research on stereotypes in advertising,

A) older men are seen less often in ads than are older women.
B) African Americans are rarely seen displaying aggression.
C) Asian Americans are more often seen as parents than are members of other racial/ ethnic groups.
D) Latinx people are rarely shown in advertisements.