Question 1

What is ingroup favoritism and what are the minimum conditions necessary to create it?

Accepted Answer

Ingroup favoritism refers to the tendency for individuals to favor members of their own group over those who are not part of their group. This can manifest in various ways, such as giving preferential treatment, resources, or opportunities to ingroup members, or holding more positive attitudes and perceptions towards them.

There are several minimum conditions necessary to create ingroup favoritism. Firstly, there needs to be a clear distinction between ingroup and outgroup members. This can be based on various factors such as race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, or even something as simple as being part of the same sports team or social group.

Secondly, there needs to be a sense of group identity and belonging among the ingroup members. This can be fostered through shared experiences, values, beliefs, or goals. The stronger the sense of ingroup identity, the more likely ingroup favoritism is to occur.

Thirdly, there needs to be a perceived competition or conflict between the ingroup and outgroup. This can be real or perceived, and can be related to resources, status, or power. When there is a perceived threat or competition from the outgroup, ingroup favoritism tends to increase as a way to protect and support the ingroup.

Overall, ingroup favoritism is a natural tendency that arises in social groups, and the minimum conditions necessary to create it include a clear ingroup-outgroup distinction, a strong sense of ingroup identity, and a perceived competition or conflict with the outgroup.

Question 2

Roshni has a Black mother and a White father. Based on her appearance, her race is ambiguous to most observers. According to research, perceivers will most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  classify her as a White person. 
B)  classify her as a Black person. 
C)  classify her as a White person, but only if asked to make a quick decision. 
D)  wait until they have additional information before making a decision about her race. 
A)  classify her as a White person. 
B)  classify her as a Black person. 
C)  classify her as a White person, but only if asked to make a quick decision. 
D)  wait until they have additional information before making a decision about her race. B

Question 3

Jolene meets a person dressed in a military uniform. She concludes that this person is probably physically fit. Her conclusion is likely based on

Accepted Answer

A)  top-down processing. 
B)  episodic recall. 
C)  the minimal group paradigm. 
D)  the width-to-height ratio of the person's face. 
A)  top-down processing. 
B)  episodic recall. 
C)  the minimal group paradigm. 
D)  the width-to-height ratio of the person's face. A

Question 4

According to the results of research on depictions of crime in the media,

Accepted Answer

A)  White people most often appear as victims of crime. 
B)  Black people most often appear as perpetrators of crime. 
C)  Latinx people are underrepresented as both crime perpetrators and crime victims. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  White people most often appear as victims of crime. 
B)  Black people most often appear as perpetrators of crime. 
C)  Latinx people are underrepresented as both crime perpetrators and crime victims. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a question relevant to the processing of stereotypic information?

Accepted Answer

A)  What characteristics are associated with a social group? 
B)  How and when is stereotypic information retrieved? 
C)  Do stereotypes change and, if so, how? 
D)  How do people's motivations affect their tendency to use stereotypes? 
A)  What characteristics are associated with a social group? 
B)  How and when is stereotypic information retrieved? 
C)  Do stereotypes change and, if so, how? 
D)  How do people's motivations affect their tendency to use stereotypes?

Question 6

Dallas, a White male, believes that all Asian people are good at math, but that within White males as a group, math ability varies a great deal. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  minority bias in categorization. 
B)  the outgroup homogeneity effect. 
C)  the minimal group effect. 
D)  ingroup over-exclusion. 
A)  minority bias in categorization. 
B)  the outgroup homogeneity effect. 
C)  the minimal group effect. 
D)  ingroup over-exclusion.

Question 7

What is the ultimate attribution error?

Accepted Answer

The ultimate attribution error is a conc

Question 8

Which of the following is true about how the faces of members of dehumanized social groups are processed?

Accepted Answer

A)  Features such as the nose, mouth, and eyes are processed separately. 
B)  The medial prefrontal cortex is activated. 
C)  Faces are dehumanized only when the perceivers have been negatively primed. 
D)  All of the above are true. 
A)  Features such as the nose, mouth, and eyes are processed separately. 
B)  The medial prefrontal cortex is activated. 
C)  Faces are dehumanized only when the perceivers have been negatively primed. 
D)  All of the above are true.

Question 9

The tendency for males to be mentioned before females is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  linguistic gender bias. 
B)  man-first principle. 
C)  gender phenotypical bias. 
D)  language qualification bias. 
A)  linguistic gender bias. 
B)  man-first principle. 
C)  gender phenotypical bias. 
D)  language qualification bias.

Question 10

What is an illusory correlation and how is it created in perceivers?

Accepted Answer

An illusory correlation is a perceived r

Question 11

People who have a so-called baby face

Accepted Answer

A)  are liked less than people with other face shapes. 
B)  are punished more severely for crimes. 
C)  are seen as physically weak and submissive. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  are liked less than people with other face shapes. 
B)  are punished more severely for crimes. 
C)  are seen as physically weak and submissive. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 12

A researcher asked a group of adults to list the characteristics they associate with transgender people. This researcher was interested in

Accepted Answer

A)  how adults process stereotyped information. 
B)  how ingroups and outgroups are created. 
C)  the content of the "transgender person" stereotype. 
D)  whether these beliefs reflect the outgroup homogeneity effect. 
A)  how adults process stereotyped information. 
B)  how ingroups and outgroups are created. 
C)  the content of the "transgender person" stereotype. 
D)  whether these beliefs reflect the outgroup homogeneity effect.

Question 13

How are speakers evaluated when they use an accent that is perceived to be non-standard?

Accepted Answer

Speakers who use an accent that is perce

Question 14

List two characteristics of basic social categories.

Accepted Answer

Basic social categories are groupings th

Question 15

Bartlett stated that "accuracy of reproduction is the rare exception and not the rule." Describe research results that support his conclusion.

Accepted Answer

Bartlett's statement about the accuracy

Question 16

Which of the following statements about basic social categories is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Information about the category is readily available to the perceiver. 
B)  At a societal level, people often disagree about the characteristics that members of those categories have in common. 
C)  Perceivers tend to treat all members of a basic social category similarly. 
D)  Basic categories have important cultural meanings. 
A)  Information about the category is readily available to the perceiver. 
B)  At a societal level, people often disagree about the characteristics that members of those categories have in common. 
C)  Perceivers tend to treat all members of a basic social category similarly. 
D)  Basic categories have important cultural meanings.

Question 17

Bottom-up processing

Accepted Answer

A)  is based on the observable characteristics of the people we encounter. 
B)  is less accurate than top-down processing. 
C)  relies on the processing of facial features rather than other physical characteristics. 
D)  relies on information about social groups that is stored in memory. 
A)  is based on the observable characteristics of the people we encounter. 
B)  is less accurate than top-down processing. 
C)  relies on the processing of facial features rather than other physical characteristics. 
D)  relies on information about social groups that is stored in memory.

Question 18

According to research, for which social category is the outgroup homogeneity effect
Least likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gender 
B)  Race/ethnicity 
C)  Sexual orientation 
D)  Disability status 
A)  Gender 
B)  Race/ethnicity 
C)  Sexual orientation 
D)  Disability status

Question 19

White people are viewed as the top of the implicit racial hierarchy in the United States. Which group follows White people in this hierarchy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Black people 
B)  Asian people 
C)  Latinx people 
D)  Native American people 
A)  Black people 
B)  Asian people 
C)  Latinx people 
D)  Native American people

Question 20

People's tendency to overestimate the relationship between two categories when the information they observe is distinctive is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  ultimate attribution error. 
B)  ingroup homogeneity bias. 
C)  correspondence bias. 
D)  illusory correlation. 
A)  ultimate attribution error. 
B)  ingroup homogeneity bias. 
C)  correspondence bias. 
D)  illusory correlation.

What is ingroup favoritism and what are the minimum conditions necessary to create it?

Roshni has a Black mother and a White father. Based on her appearance, her race is ambiguous to most observers. According to research, perceivers will most likely

Jolene meets a person dressed in a military uniform. She concludes that this person is probably physically fit. Her conclusion is likely based on

According to the results of research on depictions of crime in the media,

Which of the following is not a question relevant to the processing of stereotypic information?

Dallas, a White male, believes that all Asian people are good at math, but that within White males as a group, math ability varies a great deal. This is an example of

What is the ultimate attribution error?

Which of the following is true about how the faces of members of dehumanized social groups are processed?

The tendency for males to be mentioned before females is called the

What is an illusory correlation and how is it created in perceivers?

People who have a so-called baby face

A researcher asked a group of adults to list the characteristics they associate with transgender people. This researcher was interested in

How are speakers evaluated when they use an accent that is perceived to be non-standard?

List two characteristics of basic social categories.

Bartlett stated that "accuracy of reproduction is the rare exception and not the rule." Describe research results that support his conclusion.

Which of the following statements about basic social categories is false?

Bottom-up processing

According to research, for which social category is the outgroup homogeneity effect Least likely to occur?

White people are viewed as the top of the implicit racial hierarchy in the United States. Which group follows White people in this hierarchy?

People's tendency to overestimate the relationship between two categories when the information they observe is distinctive is called a(n)

Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

How Psychologists Study Prejudice and Discrimination

Stereotype Activation and Application

Old-Fashioned and Contemporary Forms of Prejudice

Individual Differences and Prejudice

The Development of Prejudice in Children

The Social Context of Prejudice

From Prejudice to Discrimination

The Experience of Discrimination

Gender, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation

Age, Ability, and Appearance

Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination

Filters

Exam 3: Social Categorization and Stereotypes

What is ingroup favoritism and what are the minimum conditions necessary to create it?

Roshni has a Black mother and a White father. Based on her appearance, her race is ambiguous to most observers. According to research, perceivers will most likely

Jolene meets a person dressed in a military uniform. She concludes that this person is probably physically fit. Her conclusion is likely based on

According to the results of research on depictions of crime in the media,

Which of the following is not a question relevant to the processing of stereotypic information?

Dallas, a White male, believes that all Asian people are good at math, but that within White males as a group, math ability varies a great deal. This is an example of

What is the ultimate attribution error?

Which of the following is true about how the faces of members of dehumanized social groups are processed?

The tendency for males to be mentioned before females is called the

What is an illusory correlation and how is it created in perceivers?

People who have a so-called baby face

A researcher asked a group of adults to list the characteristics they associate with transgender people. This researcher was interested in

How are speakers evaluated when they use an accent that is perceived to be non-standard?

List two characteristics of basic social categories.

Bartlett stated that "accuracy of reproduction is the rare exception and not the rule." Describe research results that support his conclusion.

Which of the following statements about basic social categories is false?

Bottom-up processing

According to research, for which social category is the outgroup homogeneity effect Least likely to occur?

White people are viewed as the top of the implicit racial hierarchy in the United States. Which group follows White people in this hierarchy?

People's tendency to overestimate the relationship between two categories when the information they observe is distinctive is called a(n)

Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

How Psychologists Study Prejudice and Discrimination

Stereotype Activation and Application

Old-Fashioned and Contemporary Forms of Prejudice

Individual Differences and Prejudice

The Development of Prejudice in Children

The Social Context of Prejudice

From Prejudice to Discrimination

The Experience of Discrimination

Gender, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation

Age, Ability, and Appearance

Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination

Filters