Deck 4: Stereotype Activation and Application

Question 1

Stereotype-------------------is the extent to which a person agrees with the social ste- reotype of a group.

A) endorsement
B) knowledge
C) application
D) assessment

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Kiana lists the characteristics she believes most people in her country associate with persons with disabilities. She is not asked about her own views. Kiana has demon- strated stereotype

A) endorsement.
B) knowledge.
C) application.
D) assessment.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Stereotype-------------------is the extent to which a person is familiar with the content of a stereotype.

A) application
B) knowledge
C) accuracy
D) activation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Lena agrees with the social stereotype that Arabs are religious. This agreement is referred to as stereotype

A) endorsement.
B) knowledge.
C) accuracy.
D) application.

Question 5

During the process of-------------------, a dormant stereotype becomes ready to use and capable of influencing a person's thoughts about and behavior toward a social group.

A) motivated processing
B) stereotype application
C) stereotype activation
D) cognitive overload

Question 6

Stereotype-------------------is the extent to which a stereotype is accessible in one's mind.

A) knowledge
B) activation
C) application
D) assessment

Question 7

Venu is the director of human resources at his company and often bases hiring deci- sions on his stereotypic belief that older adults are less competent than are younger adults. In doing so, Venu is engaging in stereotype

A) application.
B) knowledge.
C) activation.
D) assessment.

Question 8

Which of the following is not part of the process that explains how societal and per- sonal stereotypes translate into social judgment?

A) Stereotype knowledge
B) Categorization
C) Stereotype activation
D) Stereotype application

Question 9

Stereotypes are most likely to be activated when

A) we know the target person well.
B) we have limited information about the target person.
C) our goal is to see others as individuals.
D) we want to avoid putting our thoughts into action.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a step in the stereotype activation process?

A) A person sees someone and notices characteristics that cue which social category the individual belongs to.
B) The observer categorizes the person based on those characteristics.
C) The observer decides whether they are or are not motivated to stereotype the other person.
D) The stereotype associated with the category is activated.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Researchers are unable to study stereotype activation and stereotype application as separate processes.
B) People are usually aware that they have applied a stereotype, but are usually una- ware of the stereotype being activated.
C) When we meet someone, stereotype activation occurs first, followed by catego- rization, and then stereotype application.
D) When meeting others, the progression from categorization to stereotype activa- tion and application is rapid and automatic.

Question 12

When stereotype activation is triggered simply by stimuli associated with the stereo- typed group,-------------------processing has occurred.

A) automatic
B) motivated
C) categorized
D) controlled

Question 13

The extent to which automatic processing influences stereotyping is affected by

A) context effects.
B) the perceiver's level of prejudice.
C) cognitive busyness.
D) all of the above.

Question 14

Research on the relationship between categorization and stereotype activation dem- onstrates that categorization

A) is sufficient for stereotype activation.
B) is necessary for stereotype activation, but only when perceivers are motivated to avoid prejudice.
C) is independent from stereotype activation.
D) is necessary, but not sufficient, to produce stereotype activation.

Question 15

Adrina is shown a picture of a person whose face is Black, but the image appears so quickly that she is unaware of this. According to research on stereotype activation, Adrina will most likely

A) respond quickly to words stereotypically associated with Black people.
B) think of Black people as individuals rather than as a stereotyped group.
C) show brain activation in her frontal cortex.
D) all of the above.

Question 16

White people are most likely to make fast connections between

A) "Black people" and negative traits.
B) "White people" and negative traits.
C) "Black people" and neutral traits.
D) "White people" and neutral traits.

Question 17

Which of the following processes has been demonstrated by research on stereotype activation?

A) Positive stereotypes are rarely activated.
B) Priming does not result in stereotype activation.
C) Stereotype activation is more likely when perceivers are cognitively busy.
D) Stereotype activation is more likely when people see a prototypical group member.

Question 18

Black women are less likely to be recognized as a prototypical member of either their race or their gender. This phenomenon is called

A) multiple insubordination.
B) intersectional invisibility.
C) dispersed identification.
D) the one-drop rule.

Question 19

Usha is a Black woman. Research suggests that when she meets others, she is most likely to

A) be both seen and heard.
B) be categorized as neither prototypically Black nor prototypically female.
C) later be easily recognized by perceivers.
D) have her contributions to a group discussion recognized.

Question 20

After viewing a group discussion among a Black woman, a White woman, a Black man, and a White man, research participants are asked to identify which group mem- ber made which comment. The comments of which group member are least likely to be correctly identified?

A) The White woman
B) The White man
C) The Black man
D) The Black woman

Question 21

Videos depicting Black athletes or Black churchgoers are likely to

A) activate negative stereotypes of Black people.
B) activate positive stereotypes of Black people.
C) activate both positive and negative stereotypes of Black people.
D) have no effect on the valence of the activated stereotype of Black people.

Question 22

When faces are presented only briefly (30 milliseconds), which region of the brain shows greater activation?

A) Amygdala
B) Frontal cortex
C) Cerebellum
D) Occipital lobe

Question 23

When faces are shown for a longer exposure time (e.g., 525 milliseconds), activation occurs in the frontal cortex. This activation is greatest when the face is of a(n)

A) Asian woman
B) Black man
C) White man
D) Latina woman

Question 24

Which of the following is true about brain activation in response to faces?

A) Activation occurs primarily in the amygdala regardless of how long the face is presented.
B) Instructing people to focus on the background color surrounding a face, rather than the face itself, results in faster processing of White faces.
C) When greater activation occurs in the frontal cortex, it suggests people are trying to control their biased responding.
D) Researchers have been unable to pinpoint the specific brain region where stereo- type activation occurs.

Question 25

Compared with people who are told that ability is unrelated to race, people who are told that ability is biologically determined by race

A) show less creativity.
B) are more anxious when interacting with minorities.
C) categorize Black faces faster.
D) show more activity in the cerebellum.

Question 26

Kai has been asked to describe an art project he recently completed. Research suggests that he will later

A) show strong automatic stereotype activation in response to a Black face.
B) be less likely to think of a Black person in stereotypic terms.
C) respond defensively when interacting with people of color.
D) endorse the belief that abilities are biologically determined by race.

Question 27

Sean thinks of himself as being low in prejudice. He will be better able to control automatic stereotype activation if he is motivated by

A) his personal values.
B) a concern that others will see him as prejudiced.
C) a desire to avoid conflict.
D) a desire to be consistent in his responses.

Question 28

Research using event-related potentials to study stereotype activation shows that

A) there are no meaningful individual differences in automatic stereotype activation.
B) stereotype activation is located in the cerebellum.
C) high prejudiced people show greater stereotype activation when they are angry.
D) individuals who personally value being unprejudiced show lower levels of stereo- type activation.

Question 29

A person is trying to hold a seven-digit number in working memory. What effect does that task have on stereotype activation?

A) It increases the likelihood that stereotypes will be activated.
B) It increases the influence of priming on stereotype activation.
C) It disrupts stereotype activation.
D) It increases or disrupts stereotype activation depending on the perceiver's level of prejudice.

Question 30

Cognitive busyness disrupts stereotype activation because it

A) lowers perceivers' level of prejudice.
B) motivates people to appear unprejudiced.
C) enhances perceptual abilities.
D) uses up working memory capacity.

Question 31

Results of research have supported which of the following?

A) Categorization always precedes stereotype activation.
B) Prototypicality can increase stereotype activation above and beyond the effects of categorization.
C) Only White research participants associate negative characteristics with African Americans who have darker skin tones.
D) All of the above have been supported by research.

Question 32

----------------goals stem from people's need to form clear impressions of what others are like and to understand why events happen.

A) Social adjustment
B) Comprehension
C) Self-enhancement
D) Impression management

Question 33

Comprehension goals affect stereotype activation. Which of the following is not a comprehension goal?

A) The desire to form a clear impression of others.
B) The desire to understand why things happen.
C) The desire to adhere to social norms.
D) The desire to understand why people behave the way they do.

Question 34

------------------- goals stem from people's need to see themselves in a positive light.

A) Social adjustment
B) Comprehension
C) Ingroup over-exclusion
D) Self-enhancement

Question 35

Klaus is motivated to maintain a positive self-image and because of this tends to see others in a negative light. Doing so fulfills a-------------------goal.

A) self-enhancement
B) social adjustment
C) comprehension
D) ingroup heterogeneity

Question 36

Gavin is enrolled in a biology class taught by a female Black professor who just returned his graded term paper. According to research on how self-enhancement goals affect stereotype activation, which of the following reactions describes how he is likely to react to the feedback?

A) If the feedback is positive, he will likely think of her as a professor rather than as a Black person.
B) If the feedback is negative, he will likely think of her as a professor rather than as a Black person.
C) He will self-reflect on his study habits, regardless of the professor's characteristics.
D) If the feedback is negative, he will create a subtype of Black professors.

Question 37

Strongly held long-term beliefs about equality are called-------------------goals.

A) chronic egalitarian
B) social adjustment
C) comprehension
D) value-based

Question 38

Compared to people without chronic egalitarian goals, those with chronic egalitarian goals

A) are more motivated by external pressures to avoid stereotyping.
B) are faster at categorization.
C) exhibit less stereotype activation.
D) exhibit stronger stereotype activation.

Question 39

Although stereotypes can help people fulfill needs or achieve psychological goals, they can do so only if the

A) people holding the stereotypes are highly prejudiced.
B) stereotypes are relevant to the particular need or goal at hand.
C) stereotypes have been activated automatically.
D) stereotypes relate to basic social categories.

Question 40

Espen wants to know how his legislative representative will vote on an upcoming energy bill. According to research on stereotype relevance, he will most likely want to know

A) the legislator's party membership.
B) what groups contributed the most to his legislator's last campaign.
C) how the legislator voted on similar bills in the past.
D) the results of opinion polls on this issue.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about the effect of stereotype relevance on stereo- type activation is true?

A) People may activate stereotypes of Asians as interested in science when trying to predict their academic major.
B) People may activate stereotypes of large people when trying to predict larger people's food habits.
C) People may activate gender stereotypes when predicting someone's career goals.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 42

Research has demonstrated that an activated stereotype usually stays active for

A) up to two days.
B) less than 15 minutes.
C) approximately 60 minutes.
D) at least 30 minutes, but not more than 1 hour.

Question 43

Why do activated stereotypes dissipate quickly?

A) Information processing switches to the amygdala.
B) Stereotypes must be deactivated to be applied.
C) Attention shifts to category membership.
D) Attention shifts to individuating information.

Question 44

In situations where a stereotype has been activated, which of the following statements is true about stereotype application?

A) Perceivers can more successfully control their non-verbal reactions than their verbal reactions.
B) Motivated perceivers can always inhibit stereotype application.
C) Perceivers are almost always aware that they are applying their stereotypes in a situation.
D) Stereotype application is inhibited only if the perceiver is motivated to do so.

Question 45

Research shows that two factors must be present to inhibit an activated stereotype. Those factors are

A) having the motivation to inhibit the stereotype and the ability to do so.
B) holding social adjustment goals and having the motivation to follow through with them.
C) having the motivation to suppress stereotypes and being able to successfully do so.
D) holding self-enhancement goals and being rewarded for doing so.

Question 46

----------------information is specific to a person regardless of whether it is stereo- typic to the person's group.

A) Individuating
B) Prototypical
C) Intersectional
D) Motivated

Question 47

When judging others, perceivers who have the goal to form accurate impressions usually

A) rely on their stereotypes.
B) seek individuating information.
C) behave like cognitive misers.
D) do any of the above, depending on their mood.

Question 48

Perceivers are more likely to seek out individuating information about someone when

A) they have strong stereotypes about the person's social group.
B) the information they already have confirms their stereotype.
C) the person they are judging is relevant to them.
D) they are meeting someone briefly for the first and only time.

Question 49

Under what conditions are stereotypes likely to persist, even in the face of individuat- ing information?

A) When new information about the other person confirms the perceiver's original stereotypic beliefs.
B) When the perceiver is motivated to be accurate.
C) When the other person's behavior is clearly stereotype disconfirming.
D) When the perceiver has interacted with the other person many times.

Question 50

People are less likely to rely on stereotypes in making judgments if they

A) are asked to be accurate.
B) are held accountable for their decisions.
C) have detailed information about the other person.
D) all of the above.

Question 51

Noland is the group leader for a class project. Because each group's grade depends on an oral presentation, he must select the best person to represent his group. According to research on stereotype application, Noland is likely to make his deci- sion based on

A) his gender stereotypic beliefs.
B) how each group member has performed so far.
C) whether anyone in the group has disconfirmed his stereotypic beliefs about them.
D) the information that first comes to his mind.

Question 52

Individual differences in people's motivation to acquire and use information are labeled

A) cognitive prerequisites.
B) cognitive styles.
C) self-enhancement goals.
D) self-control abilities.

Question 53

Hilda likes to think about things carefully and consider all options before making a decision. She is likely high on the trait called

A) causal uncertainty.
B) need for structure.
C) need for closure.
D) need for cognition.

Question 54

People who are high on which of the following cognitive styles are most likely to be motivated to stereotype others?

A) Causal uncertainty
B) Need for closure
C) Need for cognition
D) Evaluation apprehension

Question 55

People whose cognitive style emphasizes a need for closure

A) seek complex information when deciding what people are like.
B) thrive on ambiguity.
C) often use stereotypes.
D) readily consider new information when it becomes available.

Question 56

People who are high on which of the following cognitive styles are least likely to ste- reotype others?

A) Causal uncertainty
B) Self-protection
C) Need for cognition
D) Need for closure

Question 57

According to research on self-enhancement goals and stereotype application,

A) individuals who receive positive feedback from a stereotyped group member are likely to dismiss the feedback.
B) reinforcing a person's positive self-image often inhibits stereotyping.
C) when a person expects a negative evaluation, that expectation does not influence whether the evaluator is viewed stereotypically.
D) women are more likely to apply stereotypes based on self-enhancement goals than men are.

Question 58

Threats to one's self-image_ stereotype application; having one's self- image valued-------------------stereotype application.

A) facilitate; facilitates
B) facilitate; inhibits
C) inhibit; inhibits
D) inhibit; facilitates

Question 59

Carlotta is making a hiring decision for her unit. According to research on self- esteem and stereotype activation, Carlotta is least likely to view the candidates stereotypically if

A) she recently thought about values that are important to her.
B) the candidates are highly qualified for the position.
C) she is high in self-esteem.
D) she does not see herself as a valued employee.

Question 60

----------------is the ability to influence other people in psychologically meaningful ways.

A) Entitivity
B) Self-protection
C) Ego enhancement
D) Social power

Question 61

According to research on social power and stereotyping, which of the following peo- ple is most likely to use stereotypes?

A) A lab assistant
B) A union laborer
C) A college dean's secretary
D) The president of a major corporation

Question 62

Which of the following explains why powerful people are likely to use stereotypes?

A) Holding negative stereotypes about subordinates allows power holders to justify their higher position.
B) Powerful people are uncomfortable with their social standing and so stereotype others to avoid thinking about it.
C) Powerful people have a greater need to individuate than do lower power people.
D) All of the above explain why powerful people stereotype more than the less powerful.

Question 63

How can presidents of major corporations ensure their managers do not stereotype their subordinates?

A) Hire only women managers
B) Give large pay raises to all managers as a way to emphasize their social standing
C) Increase the managers' sense of responsibility for their subordinates
D) All of the above will decrease managers' stereotype use

Question 64

Cognitive busyness-------------------stereotype activation and-------------------stereo- type application.

A) inhibits; inhibits
B) facilitates; facilitates
C) facilitates; inhibits
D) inhibits; facilitates

Question 65

Cognitive load (also called cognitive busyness)

A) makes stereotype activation more likely, but has no effect on stereotype application.
B) has no effect on stereotype activation, but makes stereotype application more likely.
C) makes stereotype activation less likely, but makes stereotype application more likely.
D) has no effect on either stereotype activation or application.

Question 66

Research on the relationship between morning and evening people and stereotype use shows that

A) morning people are more likely to use stereotypes in the morning.
B) evening people are more likely to use stereotypes in the morning.
C) morning and evening people are equally likely to use stereotypes in the morning if they have had a good night's sleep.
D) stereotype use does not depend on people's circadian rhythms.

Question 67

Which of the following factors limits people's ability to inhibit stereotyping?

A) Alcohol use
B) A strong motivation to control prejudice
C) The availability of individuating information
D) Seeing a person who is not prototypical of their social group

Question 68

Mahito finds himself thinking of Germans in stereotypic terms and tries to push those thoughts out of his mind. Mahito is engaging in stereotype

A) threat.
B) rebound.
C) suppression.
D) sublimation.

Question 69

Stereotype suppression is effective only

A) for individuals who are low in prejudice.
B) during the time the person is focusing on pushing the unwanted thought out of mind.
C) when someone is highly motivated to succeed in suppressing the thought.
D) when the person is cognitively busy.

Question 70

Research on the rebound effect shows that once people stop suppressing a thought they are-------------------about the topic than someone who is not suppressing the thought.

A) less likely to think
B) more likely to think
C) less likely to be in tune with their actual beliefs and feelings
D) more likely to be in tune with their actual beliefs and feelings

Question 71

Stereotype suppression

A) has cognitive, but not behavioral effects.
B) makes stereotypes come to mind more easily later.
C) decreases an individual's executive function.
D) leads people to attend to individuating information.

Question 72

Which of the following has/have been used to explain why stereotypes rebound?

A) The suppression process primes suppressed thoughts, making them more readily available for use.
B) Suppression requires cognitive effort that depletes cognitive resources, allowing the stereotype to break through.
C) Suppressing a stereotype creates a need to use it.
D) All of the above have been used to explain the phenomenon.

Question 73

Because stereotype suppression requires cognitive effort,

A) once a stereotype breaks through, it can only rarely be suppressed in the future.
B) the harder people try to suppress a stereotype, the more successful they will be.
C) sometimes the effort to suppress the stereotype fails and the stereotype breaks through.
D) stereotype suppression operates at the unconscious level.

Question 74

According to your text, stereotype suppression can be explained by

A) cognitive factors, such as priming.
B) depletion of self-control resources.
C) a need to use the suppressed stereotype.
D) any of the above.

Question 75

Stereotype rebound is least likely to occur when

A) people's unconscious processing overrides their conscious processing.
B) the suppressor is high in prejudice.
C) people are able to substitute egalitarian beliefs for stereotypic thoughts.
D) stereotypes are strongly activated.

Question 76

Members of collectivist cultures (such as Japan) exhibit less stereotype rebound than people from individualist cultures (such as Canada). One explanation for this dif- ference is that, compared to people in individualist cultures, people in collectivist cultures

A) are less prejudiced.
B) have more practice in suppressing unwanted thoughts.
C) are more egalitarian.
D) have a larger number of proscribed intergroup prejudices.

Question 77

If a person's behavior is ambiguous, perceivers usually

A) make no judgment about the behavior.
B) interpret the behavior as stereotype inconsistent.
C) interpret the behavior as stereotype consistent.
D) look to others to decide how to interpret the behavior.

Question 78

You are in an experiment that involves a computerized simulation in which you see a person pull an object from his pocket. You are least likely to conclude the object is a gun when

A) you are under pressure to respond quickly.
B) you have been primed with stereotypes about Black people.
C) you have been instructed not to let the person's race affect your judgment.
D) the person depicted is a White police officer.

Question 79

You are in an experiment that involves a computerized simulation in which you see a person pull an object from his pocket. You are least likely to decide to "shoot" if the person holding the object is a

A) Black person wearing a police uniform.
B) woman wearing an Islamic headdress.
C) White man holding a gun.
D) Black man holding a pair of pliers.

Question 80

Evan is participating in a study on the shooter bias. He incorrectly identifies the object held by a stimulus person as a gun. He will make the decision to shoot most quickly if the person holding the object is a

A) Black man.
B) Black woman.
C) White man.
D) White woman.