Deck 6: Learning Criminal Behavior

Question 1

According to ____________ theory, the primary learning mechanism occurs in association with others. Those we are in close association and interaction with, usually through informal small groups, such as parents, family, friends, and peers, are most responsible for what we learn.

A) differential association
B) differential reinforcement
C) cognitive social learning
D) neutralization

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to ____________ theory, individuals have differences in their support history with respect to being rewarded and punished: for some, being rewarded for minor rule breaking can lead to more serious law violation; for others, being punished may be interpreted as 'attention receiving,' and rather than reducing the tendency toward crime, punishment can actually increase it.

A) differential association
B) differential reinforcement
C) cognitive social learning
D) neutralization

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to ____________ theory, people learn from others not just directly by being punished or rewarded but also through observation of others' behavior and through mass-mediated images of others' behavior.

A) differential association
B) differential reinforcement
C) cognitive social learning
D) neutralization

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The central idea behind ____________ theory is that the excuses and justifications that deviants use to rationalize their behaviors might themselves be implicated in the etiology of deviant behavior.

A) differential association
B) differential reinforcement
C) cognitive social learning
D) neutralization

Question 5

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by ______________ which refers to how often one interacts with groups encouraging the behavior in question.

A) priority of learning
B) frequency
C) duration
D) intensity

Question 6

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by ______________ which refers to the length of exposure to particular behavioral patterns.

A) priority of learning
B) frequency
C) duration
D) intensity

Question 7

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by ______________ which refers to how early this is learned in life.

A) priority of learning
B) frequency
C) duration
D) intensity

Question 8

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by ______________ which refers to the prestige or status of those manifesting the observed behavior.

A) priority of learning
B) frequency
C) duration
D) intensity

Question 9

Differential association may ________________.

A) Explain why some people in high-crime areas commit crime, which several research studies have illustrated
B) Not explain how criminal behaviors originate or who starts them, nor does it explain how some individual crimes are committed without associates
C) Show how patterns of criminal behavior can persist over time, however, and how social and organizational groups of both the powerful and the powerless can sustain these
D) All of the above

Question 10

Albert Bandura states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. __________ involves an active process of transforming and restructuring the information conveyed by modeled events into rules and conceptions for memory representation.

A) Attention to the behavior in question
B) Retention of the behavior that involves classification, memory, and interpretation
C) Behavior reproduction (motor responses)
D) Motivation

Question 11

Albert Bandura states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. __________ involves physical capability and skills-"Symbolic conceptions are translated into appropriate courses of action."

A) Attention to the behavior in question
B) Retention of the behavior that involves classification, memory, and interpretation
C) Behavior reproduction (motor responses)
D) Motivation

Question 12

Albert Bandura states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. __________ includes stimuli from self and others, as well as from vicarious sources.

A) Attention to the behavior in question
B) Retention of the behavior that involves classification, memory, and interpretation
C) Behavior reproduction (motor responses)
D) Motivation

Question 13

Albert Bandura states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. __________ involve(s) perception, arousal, and awareness-"Attentional processes determine what people observe in the profusion of modeling influences and what information they extract from what they notice."

A) Attention to the behavior in question
B) Retention of the behavior that involves classification, memory, and interpretation
C) Behavior reproduction (motor responses)
D) Motivation

Question 14

Albert Bandura uses the term ___________ to refer to the idea that persons are neither autonomous agents nor simply mechanical conveyers of animating environmental influences.

A) emergent interactive agency
B) triadic reciprocal causation
C) subculture of delinquency
D) moral disengagement

Question 15

Donald Cressey, in a study of the 'respectable' crime of embezzlement, found that the following element(s) were necessary for a violation of financial trust to occur:

A) A non-sharable financial problem
B) The perception of their legitimate occupation as a solution to the problem
C) Verbalizations, or words and phrases that make the behavior acceptable
D) All of the above

Question 16

___________ theory argues that rather than delinquency and mainstream culture being separate, mainstream culture has an underbelly of 'subterranean values' that exist side by side with conventional values.

A) Differential association
B) Differential reinforcement
C) Cognitive social learning
D) Neutralization

Question 17

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, the neutralization is partial denial, accepting responsibility for the act but denying that the negative consequences were intended.

A) denial of responsibility
B) denial of injury
C) denial of victim
D) denial of negative intent

Question 18

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, some offenders may claim that although someone got hurt, he or she deserved it.

A) denial of injury
B) denial of victim
C) denial of negative intent
E) denial of responsibility

Question 19

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, the extent of harm caused is minimized or negated. Offenders may deny that anyone or anything was harmed by their action.

A) denial of responsibility
B) denial of injury
C) denial of victim
D) denial of negative intent

Question 20

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, offenders claim their questioned behavior was not in their control, or that it was accidental. Offenders may list reasons such as alcohol, peer pressure, bad neighborhood, and so on that caused them to commit the act.

A) denial of responsibility
B) denial of injury
C) denial of victim
D) denial of negative intent

Question 21

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, there is the belief that a special reward is deserved due to the sacrifices that have been made.

A) claim of relative acceptability
B) claim of entitlement
C) claim of normality
D) condemnation of the condemners

Question 22

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' The technique of ___________, involves negating the right of others to pass judgment. Offenders may reject the people who have authority over them, such as judges, parents, and police officers, who are viewed as being just as corrupt and thus not worthy of respect.

A) claim of relative acceptability
B) claim of entitlement
C) claim of normality
D) condemnation of the condemners

Question 23

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, it is suggested that the law is not reflecting the popular will, and since everyone engages in, say, tax evasion, pilfering from the office, extramarital sex, and so on, then such acts are not really deviant and therefore are not wrong.

A) claim of relative acceptability
B) claim of entitlement
C) claim of normality
D) condemnation of the condemners

Question 24

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, the audience compares the offender's crime to more serious ones and can go so far as claiming to be moral.

A) claim of relative acceptability
B) claim of entitlement
C) claim of normality
D) condemnation of the condemners

Question 25

Emergent interactive agency occurs not through linear causation but through triadic reciprocal causation, such that there is reciprocal causality between:

A) Internal personal factors
B) Behavioral patterns
C) Environmental events
D) All of the above

Question 26

According to neutralization theory, people learn from others not just directly by being punished or rewarded but also through observation of others' behavior and through mass-mediated images of others' behavior.

Question 27

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by duration which refers to the length of exposure to particular behavioral patterns.

Question 28

According to differential reinforcement theory, the primary learning mechanism occurs in association with others. Those we are in close association and interaction with, usually through informal small groups, such as parents, family, friends, and peers, are most responsible for what we learn.

Question 29

According to differential reinforcement theory, Individuals have differences in their reinforcement history with respect to being rewarded and punished. For some, being rewarded for minor rule breaking can lead to more serious law violation. For others, being punished may be interpreted as 'attention receiving,' and rather than reducing the tendency toward crime, punishment can actually increase it.

Question 30

If socialization in small groups provides an excess of definitions favorable to law violation, the implication for prevention is to keep young and impressionable individuals away from such groups as well as educate and train them to resist the messages of such groups.

Question 31

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called techniques of neutralization. In the technique of 'metaphor of the ledger,' many offenders believe that they have done more good than bad in their life and that should be recognized during the judgment process.

Question 32

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called techniques of neutralization. In the technique of 'appealing to higher loyalties,' many offenders argue that their loyalties lie with their peers, and that the group has needs that take precedence over societal moral demands.

Question 33

Moral disengagement theory states that individuals use psychological maneuvers or mechanisms for disengaging moral control.

Question 34

Neutralization theory states that self-censure for cruel conduct can be disengaged by dehumanization that strips people of human qualities. Once dehumanized, they are no longer viewed as persons with feelings, hopes and concerns but as subhuman objects.

Question 35

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into five types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In one technique, denial of injury, offenders claim their questioned behavior was not in their control, or that it was accidental. Offenders may list reasons such as alcohol, peer pressure, bad neighborhood, and so on that caused them to commit the act.

Question 36

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into five types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In one technique, denial of victim, the extent of harm caused is minimized or negated. Offenders may deny that anyone or anything was harmed by their action.

Question 37

Neutralization theory states that, unlike rationalizations which come after an act to avoid culpability and consequences, and verbalizations that come after contemplating an act to allow oneself to commit it, neutralizations come before an act is even contemplated.

Question 38

Most important to understanding Matza and Sykes's main argument behind neutralization theory is the concept of the subculture of delinquency. As traditionally conceived, delinquent subcultures are considered separate and oppositional; their norms and values are different from those in the mainstream culture.

Question 39

Albert Bandura uses the term emergent interactive agency to mean that people are more than their constituent parts in that they develop in an ongoing way as a result of the variety of interactions that they have with their experiences and observations.

Question 40

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by intensity which refers to the prestige or status of those manifesting the observed behavior.

Question 41

According to ____________ theory, individuals have differences in their support history with respect to being rewarded and punished: for some, being rewarded for minor rule breaking can lead to more serious law violation; for others, being punished may be interpreted as 'attention receiving,' and rather than reducing the tendency toward crime, punishment can actually increase it.

Question 42

According to ____________ theory, people learn from others not just directly by being punished or rewarded but also through observation of others' behavior and through mass-mediated images of others' behavior.

Question 43

The central idea behind ____________ theory is that the excuses and justifications that deviants use to rationalize their behaviors might themselves be implicated in the etiology of deviant behavior.

Question 44

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, offenders claim their questioned behavior was not in their control, or that it was accidental. Offenders may list reasons such as alcohol, peer pressure, bad neighborhood, and so on that caused them to commit the act.

Question 45

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, the extent of harm caused is minimized or negated. Offenders may deny that anyone or anything was harmed by their action.

Question 46

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, some offenders may claim that although someone got hurt, s/he deserved it.

Question 47

Most important to understanding Matza and Sykes's main argument behind neutralization theory is the concept of the subculture of __________. As traditionally conceived, delinquent subcultures are considered separate and oppositional; their norms and values are different from those in the mainstream culture.

Question 48

____________ theory states that individuals use psychological maneuvers or mechanisms for disengaging moral control.

Question 49

Albert Bandura uses the term __________ to mean that people are more than their constituent parts in that they develop in an ongoing way as a result of the variety of interactions that they have with their experiences and observations.

Question 50

According to ____________ theory, the primary learning mechanism occurs in association with others. Those we are in close association and interaction with, usually through informal small groups, such as parents, family, friends, and peers, are most responsible for what we learn.

Question 51

There are two basic elements to understanding Sutherland's social learning theory. Please list and describe them both.

Question 52

According to Lanier, Henry and Anastasia, the systematic elegance of Sutherland's theory is seen in its nine clearly stated, testable propositions. What are they?

Question 53

Albert Bandura argues that people learn from others not just directly by being punished or rewarded but also through observation of others' behavior and through mass-mediated images of others' behavior. He states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. Please list and describe these elements.

Question 54

With regard to neutralization theory, Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into five types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' What are these techniques? Please list and briefly describe each.

Question 55

With regard to moral disengagement theory, Albert Bandura states that individuals use psychological maneuvers or mechanisms for disengaging moral control. He identifies two types of maneuvers or mechanism. What are they? Please list and describe each.