Exam 6: Learning Criminal Behavior

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by duration which refers to the length of exposure to particular behavioral patterns.

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Question 1

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According to Lanier, Henry and Anastasia, the systematic elegance of Sutherland's theory is seen in its nine clearly stated, testable propositions. What are they?

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Question 2

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Answer should include: 1. Criminal behavior is learned; 2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication; 3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups; 4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime and (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes; 5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of legal codes as favorable and unfavorable; 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law; 7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity; 8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning; and 9. Though criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, the audience compares the offender's crime to more serious ones and can go so far as claiming to be moral.

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Question 3

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Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called techniques of neutralization. In the technique of 'metaphor of the ledger,' many offenders believe that they have done more good than bad in their life and that should be recognized during the judgment process.

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Question 4

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by intensity which refers to the prestige or status of those manifesting the observed behavior.

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Question 5

According to ____________ theory, individuals have differences in their support history with respect to being rewarded and punished: for some, being rewarded for minor rule breaking can lead to more serious law violation; for others, being punished may be interpreted as 'attention receiving,' and rather than reducing the tendency toward crime, punishment can actually increase it.

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Question 6

According to ____________ theory, people learn from others not just directly by being punished or rewarded but also through observation of others' behavior and through mass-mediated images of others' behavior.

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Question 7

Albert Bandura uses the term emergent interactive agency to mean that people are more than their constituent parts in that they develop in an ongoing way as a result of the variety of interactions that they have with their experiences and observations.

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Question 8

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into five types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In one technique, denial of injury, offenders claim their questioned behavior was not in their control, or that it was accidental. Offenders may list reasons such as alcohol, peer pressure, bad neighborhood, and so on that caused them to commit the act.

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Question 9

According to differential reinforcement theory, Individuals have differences in their reinforcement history with respect to being rewarded and punished. For some, being rewarded for minor rule breaking can lead to more serious law violation. For others, being punished may be interpreted as 'attention receiving,' and rather than reducing the tendency toward crime, punishment can actually increase it.

(True/False)

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Question 10

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, the extent of harm caused is minimized or negated. Offenders may deny that anyone or anything was harmed by their action.

(Short Answer)

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Question 11

Albert Bandura states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. __________ involves an active process of transforming and restructuring the information conveyed by modeled events into rules and conceptions for memory representation.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 12

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, it is suggested that the law is not reflecting the popular will, and since everyone engages in, say, tax evasion, pilfering from the office, extramarital sex, and so on, then such acts are not really deviant and therefore are not wrong.

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Question 13

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, some offenders may claim that although someone got hurt, he or she deserved it.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 14

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, the neutralization is partial denial, accepting responsibility for the act but denying that the negative consequences were intended.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 15

According to differential reinforcement theory, the primary learning mechanism occurs in association with others. Those we are in close association and interaction with, usually through informal small groups, such as parents, family, friends, and peers, are most responsible for what we learn.

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Question 16

Most important to understanding Matza and Sykes's main argument behind neutralization theory is the concept of the subculture of delinquency. As traditionally conceived, delinquent subcultures are considered separate and oppositional; their norms and values are different from those in the mainstream culture.

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Question 17

Most important to understanding Matza and Sykes's main argument behind neutralization theory is the concept of the subculture of __________. As traditionally conceived, delinquent subcultures are considered separate and oppositional; their norms and values are different from those in the mainstream culture.

(Short Answer)

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Question 18

Albert Bandura states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. __________ includes stimuli from self and others, as well as from vicarious sources.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 19

Albert Bandura uses the term __________ to mean that people are more than their constituent parts in that they develop in an ongoing way as a result of the variety of interactions that they have with their experiences and observations.

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Question 20

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According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by duration which refers to the length of exposure to particular behavioral patterns.

According to Lanier, Henry and Anastasia, the systematic elegance of Sutherland's theory is seen in its nine clearly stated, testable propositions. What are they?

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, the audience compares the offender's crime to more serious ones and can go so far as claiming to be moral.

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by intensity which refers to the prestige or status of those manifesting the observed behavior.

According to ____________ theory, people learn from others not just directly by being punished or rewarded but also through observation of others' behavior and through mass-mediated images of others' behavior.

Albert Bandura uses the term emergent interactive agency to mean that people are more than their constituent parts in that they develop in an ongoing way as a result of the variety of interactions that they have with their experiences and observations.

Albert Bandura states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. __________ involves an active process of transforming and restructuring the information conveyed by modeled events into rules and conceptions for memory representation.

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, some offenders may claim that although someone got hurt, he or she deserved it.

According to differential reinforcement theory, the primary learning mechanism occurs in association with others. Those we are in close association and interaction with, usually through informal small groups, such as parents, family, friends, and peers, are most responsible for what we learn.

Albert Bandura states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. __________ includes stimuli from self and others, as well as from vicarious sources.

Albert Bandura uses the term __________ to mean that people are more than their constituent parts in that they develop in an ongoing way as a result of the variety of interactions that they have with their experiences and observations.

What Is Criminology

What Is Crime

Classical, Neoclassical, and Rational-Choice Theories

Born to Be Bad

Criminal Minds

Failed Socialization

Crimes of Place

The Sick Society

Capitalism As a Criminogenic Society

Patriarchy, Gender, and Crime

New Directions in Critical Criminological Theory

Conclusion

Criminology and Sociological Theory: Exploring Different Perspectives and Approaches

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