Deck 10: The Pharmacology of Non Scheduled Psychoactive Drugs: Alcohol, Nicotine, and Caffeine

Question 1

Approximately ________ percent of the population over 18 years of age has an alcohol abuse problem.

A) 22
B) 15
C) 6
D) 10

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The term proof may have originated from

A) tests by British sailors to determine the alcohol content of rum.
B) the observation that a combination of rum and gunpowder ignited when the alcohol content was at least 50 percent.
C) whiskey-making monks in Ireland during the early 1400s.
D) Both a and b are correct

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The legal limit for alcohol intoxication in most states is ________ percent.

A) 0.04
B) 0.08
C) 0.10
D) 0.12

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A person is likely to lose consciousness if their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is ________ percent or greater.

A) 0.08
B) 0.15
C) 0.20
D) 0.30

Question 5

During its first phase of metabolism, alcohol is converted to ________ by the enzyme ________.

A) alcohol dehydrogenase; aldehyde
B) acetaldehyde; aldehyde dehydrogenase
C) acetic acid; alcohol dehydrogenase
D) None of the above is correct

Question 6

The drug ________ inhibits the aldehyde dehydrogenase metabolism of acetaldehyde and causes hangover symptoms.

A) haloperidol (Haldol)
B) disulfiram (Antabuse)
C) tricyclic antidepressants
D) naltrexone

Question 7

Membrane fluidization refers to

A) alcohol's ability to disrupt membrane processes.
B) excessive water inside the cell membrane.
C) excessive alcohol inside of the cell.
D) alcohol's dehydrating effects on cells.

Question 8

Which of the following effects of alcohol does fluidization account for?

A) Euphoria
B) Analgesic effects
C) Reinforcement
D) Anxiolysis

Question 9

Studies show that alcohol's effects depend on

A) increased GABA binding to its receptors.
B) decreased dopamine activity in the mesolimbic system.
C) the influx of Cl⁻.
D) Both a and c are correct

Question 10

Alcohol's antagonism of NMDA receptors contributes to

A) dizziness and loss of motor coordination.
B) amnesiac effects on learning and memory.
C) blackouts.
D) Both b and c are correct

Question 11

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding alcohol and dopamine?

A) GABAᴀ receptor blockade in the ventral tegmental area results in increased mesolimbic dopamine activity.
B) The effects of alcohol on mesolimbic dopamine release may be limited by neural inhibition in the ventral tegmental area.
C) Alcohol ingestation at intoxicating doses increase dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area and basal ganglia.
D) The mechanisms by which alcohol increases dopamine release remain unknown.

Question 12

Metabolic tolerance occurs as the liver produces compensatory increases in ________ and ________.

A) P450; acetaldehyde
B) NAD; ethanol
C) aldehyde dehydrogenase; P450
D) alcohol dehydrogenase; P450

Question 13

Animals that learn a complex motor task under the influence of alcohol tend to perform better after training if they are

A) tested on the same apparatus.
B) also under the influence of alcohol.
C) not under the influence of alcohol.
D) allowed to recover from intoxication.

Question 14

Another term for ________ tolerance is state dependent learning.

A) associative
B) cellular
C) behavioral
D) metabolic

Question 15

The drug of preference in treating symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal is

A) an SSRI antidepressant.
B) an antipsychotic.
C) a benzodiazepine.
D) disulfiram.

Question 16

There are approximately ________ million smokers in the United States.

A) 29
B) 46
C) 35
D) 53

Question 17

Most nicotine is metabolized by ________ during first-pass metabolism.

A) CYP2A6
B) aldehyde oxidose
C) nAChR
D) Both a and b are correct

Question 18

Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

A) cause hyperpolarization when activated.
B) decrease the amount of neurotransmitter released.
C) increase the amount of neurotransmitter released.
D) Both a and b are correct

Question 19

In the peripheral nervous system, nAChRs are found in

A) the hippocampus.
B) neuromuscular junctions of voluntary muscles.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) locus coeruleus.

Question 20

Nicotine and other cholinergic drugs have been used to treat

A) Parkinson's disease.
B) arthritis.
C) multiple sclerosis.
D) Alzheimer's disease.

Question 21

Acute nicotine tolerance appears to result from

A) long-term exposure to nicotine products.
B) rapid internalization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
C) rapid desensitization of nicotine acetylcholine receptors and the closing of cation channels.
D) None of the above is correct

Question 22

Nicotine's behavioral sensitization may be mediated by

A) downregulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cortex.
B) downregulation of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens.
C) upregulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the ventral tegmental area.
D) Both b and c are correct

Question 23

The structural changes to the nicotinic α4β2 receptor that appear to underlie nicotine dependence

A) takes years to occur.
B) can occur after smoking one or two cigarettes.
C) only occurs in those with a genetic predisposition for these changes.
D) is reversed quickly after smoking cessation.

Question 24

Which of the following treatments for smoking cessation has NOT been investigated in humans, but seems to work in animals?

A) Zyban
B) Chantix
C) Nicotine immunization
D) None of the above is correct

Question 25

A major difference between immunotherapy for nicotine dependence and drug treatment for nicotine withdrawal is that immunization

A) only prevents the drug from entering the brain.
B) releases dopamine receptors in the frontal cortex.
C) alone precipitates withdrawal symptoms.
D) Both a and c are correct

Question 26

After caffeine is absorbed, it is

A) metabolized in the liver by P450.
B) distributed to the brain.
C) metabolized into cotinine.
D) None of the above is correct

Question 27

Caffeine relieves headache pain by

A) constricting cerebral blood vessels.
B) releasing endorphins.
C) blocking the release of substance P.
D) decreasing blood pressure.

Question 28

Caffeine is considered an ergogenic drug because it

A) decreases fatigue.
B) increases metabolism.
C) increases cardiac contractility and oxygen utilization.
D) increases muscle contractility and force.

Question 29

Which of the following best describes caffeine's effects on people suffering from anxiety?

A) It serves as an inhibitor and reduces anxiety
B) It increases anxiety
C) It has little or no effect
D) It is therapeutic, but only when combined with other stimulants

Question 30

Caffeinism is

A) severe withdrawals associated with disuse of caffeine.
B) nausea and vomiting associated with caffeine overdose.
C) an increase in heart and respiratory rates associated with caffeine overdose.
D) anxiety, irritability, and muscle tremors associated with caffeine overdose.

Question 31

Adenosine is a

A) byproduct of cellular activity.
B) retrograde neuromodulator.
C) presynaptic antagonist.
D) All of the above are correct

Question 32

The ________ and ________ adenosine receptor subtypes are considered most important for understanding caffeine action.

A) A₁ ; A₃
B) A₁; A₂ᴀ
C) A₁; A₂ʙ
D) A₂ᴀ; A₃

Question 33

Caffeine's effects on arousal and cognitive performance are mediated by

A) increasing glutamate activity in the cortex by adenosine blockade.
B) blocking GABAᴀ receptors.
C) increasing 5-HT activity in the raphe nucleus.
D) modulating descending neurons from the pontine reticular formation.

Question 34

Tolerance to caffeine is believed to be mediated by ________ of ________ receptors.

A) upregulation; GABAᴀ
B) downregulation; GABAᴀ
C) upregulation; adenosine
D) downregulation; adenosine

Question 35

Long-term use of caffeine is associated with

A) caffeinism.
B) an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
C) ischemia.
D) dependence, but not addiction.