Deck 3: Gender Self-Concept: Developmental Processes and Individual Differences

Question 1

Which of the following statements about gender identity is/are correct?

A) Children usually develop gender identity between the ages of 2 and 3 years.
B) A person with a female gender identity cannot have masculine-typed traits.
C) Gender identity is usually consistent with one's external reproductive organs.
D) a and c

Answer 1

D

Question 2

have a gender identity that is inconsistent with their reproductive organs.

A) Lesbians
B) Females with Turner syndrome
C) Transgender individuals
D) Masculine females

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Maria, a genetic female, received a(n) ____ chromosome from her mother and a (n) ____ chromosome from her father.

A) X; Y
B) Y; X
C) X; X
D) It is not possible to answer the question on the basis of the information presented.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The order of prenatal sex differentiation is:

A) chromosomes, internal reproductive organs, gonads, external genitalia
B) gonads, chromosomes, internal reproductive organs, external genitalia
C) chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, external genitalia
D) chromosomes, external genitalia, internal reproductive organs, gonads

Question 5

Which of the following statements about gonadal development is/are correct?

A) In XY embryos, the Y chromosome directs the development of undifferentiated tissue into the testes.
B) The gonadal tissue that develops into ovaries differs from the gonadal tissue that develops into testes.
C) Development of gonads starts earlier in females than in males.
D) a and c

Question 6

Once the gonads develop the remaining sex differentiation processes are regulated by:

A) the sex hormones.
B) the sex chromosomes.
C) sex-related characteristics of the brain.
D) all of the above

Question 7

Female sex hormones are collectively known as ______ and male sex hormones are collectively known as ______.

A) mullerians; wolffians
B) wolffians; mullerians
C) estrogens; androgens
D) androgens; estrogens

Question 8

The mullerian ducts are the basis for the development of ______, and the wolffian ducts are the basis for the development of ______.

A) the ovaries; the testes
B) the testes; the ovaries
C) male internal reproductive structures; female internal reproductive structures
D) female internal reproductive structures; male internal reproductive structures

Question 9

The differentiation of the male internal reproductive organs from undifferentiated tissue requires the presence of both and .

A) testosterone; the mullerian inhibiting substance
B) estrogens; the mullerian inhibiting substance
C) testosterone; the wolffian inhibiting substance
D) estrogens; the wolffian inhibiting substance

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the development of the external genitalia is/are correct?

A) The external genitalia develop from previously undifferentiatied tissue present in both XX and XY fetuses.
B) Female and male external genitalia develop from different types of tissue.
C) The sex hormones play no role in the development of the external genitals.
D) b and c

Question 11

Intersexuality refers to:

A) having a same-sex sexual orientation.
B) the presence of both female and male sexual characteristics.
C) a condition in which one sex chromosome is missing.
D) a gender identity that is inconsistent with one's reproductive organs.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about medical intervention in response to intersexuality is/are correct?

A) In Western nations, the typical medical response is early genital surgery.
B) In Western nations, physicians generally delay surgical intervention until the individual is mature enough to make an informed decision.
C) Early genital surgery nearly always provides the individual with a very clear sense of gender identity.
D) a and c

Question 13

Problems that can result from genital surgery as an intervention for intersexuality include:

A) urinary difficulties.
B) reduced sexual functioning.
C) infertility problems.
D) all of the above

Question 14

Sex differences in the brain:

A) are less observable than sex differences in reproductive organs.
B) are more controversial than sex differences in reproductive organs.
C) primarily are found in the cortex.
D) a and b

Question 15

Which of the following statements about individuals with Turner syndrome is/are not correct?

A) They have a single X chromosome rather than a pair of sex chromosomes.
B) They have either ovaries or testes.
C) Females cannot develop female secondary sex characteristics, even with estrogen therapy.
D) b and c

Question 16

Which of the following statements regarding multiple genders is/are correct?

A) Western nations are more likely than non-Western cultures to recognize and accept individuals who do not fit into typical gender identities.
B) A greater assimilation of Western beliefs on the part of Native Americans has been related to a greater acceptance of multiple genders.
C) A greater assimilation of Western beliefs on the part of Native Americans has been related to a decrease in acceptance of multiple genders.
D) a and b

Question 17

Which of the following indicates increasing acceptance of gender as a nonbinary construct?

A) Australia recognizes a third "nonspecific" gender
B) Germany permits babies with ambiguous genitalia to be classified as neither female nor male
C) Facebook offers more than 50 gender options
D) All of the above

Question 18

A female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia:

A) has a partial or complete masculinization of her external genitals.
B) has only one X chromosome.
C) has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome.
D) a and b

Question 19

Individuals with the androgen-insensitivity syndrome are genetic and tend to have
External genitals.

A) females; female-looking
B) males; male-looking
C) females; male-looking
D) males; female-looking

Question 20

A genetic male labeled a female at birth who experiences a masculinization of his genitals during puberty most probably has the inherited disorder known as:

A) Turner syndrome.
B) androgen-insensitivity syndrome.
C) 5 alpha-reductase deficiency.
D) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Question 21

According to the text's discussion of the relative influence of prenatal and postnatal experiences on gender-related development, research on intersexuals and females with Turner syndrome:

A) provide consistent evidence that prenatal influences play no role.
B) provide consistent evidence that gender-related behaviors, such as aggression, are caused primarily by prenatal factors.
C) provide consistent evidence that sex identity is due entirely to prenatal factors.
D) provide mixed evidence regarding this issue.

Question 22

Which of the following theories proposes that gender typing stems from the child's identification with the same-gender parent?

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) social learning theory
C) cognitive-development theory
D) gender schema theory

Question 23

Freud proposed that experiences during the phallic stage of development lead to life-long consequences for females. Which of the following is not one of these consequences?

A) jealousy
B) feelings of inferiority
C) pride in being female
D) a weak superego

Question 24

Which of the following theories has/have been criticized for being male-biased?

A) social learning theory
B) social cognitive theory
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) gender schema theory

Question 25

Freud's theory has been criticized for:

A) failing to recognize the importance of children's anatomy in their gender development.
B) over-emphasizing the role of sociocultural factors on children's gender development.
C) its lack of empirical foundation.
D) b and c

Question 26

Later psychoanalytic theorists have differed from Freud in that they place greater emphasis on ___________ influences on gender development.

A) hormonal
B) sociocultural
C) anatomical
D) cognitive

Question 27

Ashley watches her mother bathe her baby brother. Then Ashley washes her doll in the sink. This best illustrates , an important concept of theory.

A) observational learning; social learning
B) gender constancy; psychoanalytic
C) reinforcement; cognitive-developmental
D) identification; gender schema theory

Question 28

Girls and boys are likely to receive rewards for performing gender-appropriate behaviors and receive negative consequences for showing gender-inappropriate behaviors. As a result, they show more gender-appropriate behaviors. This illustrates the mechanism of _________, a concept of _________ theory.

A) observational learning; cognitive-developmental
B) identification; gender schema
C) reinforcement and punishment; social learning
D) gender constancy; psychoanalytic

Question 29

Each of the following is an important concept in social cognitive theory except:

A) identification.
B) reinforcement.
C) observation.
D) internalization of standards.

Question 30

Four-year old Nykesha feels anxious when she plays with her brother's toy trucks but she feels good when she plays with her toy tea set. This suggests that Nykesha has developed internal standards about appropriate gender-related activities, an important concept of:

A) psychoanalytic theory.
B) social learning theory.
C) social cognitive theory.
D) all of the above

Question 31

Which of the following statements about social learning theory is/are correct?

A) The theory's concepts are clear and observable.
B) There has been considerable scientific examination of the theory.
C) The theory places considerable emphasis on the role of biological factors on gender development.
D) a and b

Question 32

According to cognitive developmental theory, gender typing cannot take place until:

A) the child develops gender constancy.
B) the child realizes there are genital differences between females and males.
C) parents model appropriate gender behaviors for their children.
D) a and b

Question 33

According to cognitive developmental theory, before children can learn gender-appropriate behaviors they must understand that:

A) adults are rewarded for gender-appropriate behaviors.
B) gender is not altered by age, appearance, or behavior.
C) gender-appropriate activities can be learned by observing adult behavior.
D) a and c

Question 34

Which of the following theories of gender development incorporates clearly defined and easily measurable concepts?

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) cognitive developmental theory
C) social learning theory
D) b and c

Question 35

Gender schema theory incorporates assumptions of:

A) psychoanalytic theory.
B) cognitive developmental theory.
C) social learning theory.
D) b and c

Question 36

Evidence that children are better able to remember gender-consistent information than gender-inconsistent information is most supportive of:

A) social learning theory
B) gender schema theory
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) It is equally supportive all each of these theories.

Question 37

Emma is very competitive, independent, gentle, and kind. Emma can best be categorized as:

A) feminine.
B) masculine.
C) androgynous.
D) undifferentiated

Question 38

Between the 1970's and the 1990's, there was an:

A) increase in undifferentiation among both women and men.
B) increase in femininity among men.
C) increase in masculinity among women.
D) decrease in androgyny in both men and women.

Question 39

According to your text, research has found that women and men no longer differ on a number of traits long considered to be masculine. These include which of the following?

A) acting as a leader
B) being self-reliant
C) being ambitious
D) all of the above

Question 40

When compared to their own mothers, today's college women demonstrate more ______ and fewer _____.

A) feminine-typed behaviors; masculine-typed behaviors
B) masculine-typed behaviors; feminine-typed behaviors
C) single-dimensional behaviors; complex behaviors
D) a and c

Question 41

Which of the following statements about changes in gender-related traits of females over recent years is/are correct?

A) Females have been encouraged to become more assertive.
B) Females have had more opportunities to develop agentic skills.
C) Changes in women's personal sense of gender seems to be related to their social experiences.
D) all of the above

Question 42

Research on gender-related traits shows that psychological adjustment is most strongly related to:

A) androgyny.
B) masculinity.
C) femininity.
D) undifferentiation.

Question 43

Some feminists criticize the concept of androgyny. Which of the following is not one of their criticisms?

A) Androgyny maintains the division of gender into feminine and masculine components.
B) Androgyny may set unrealistic goals that people should be competent in both feminine and masculine domains.
C) Androgyny does not attempt to eliminate the greater cultural value placed on male activities.
D) Androgyny over-emphasizes the value of femininity in comparison to masculinity.

Question 44

Jayne Stake examined behaviors that respondents used to cope with dual demands in the workplace. Her findings showed that:

A) androgynous coping was no better than agentic coping.
B) the most beneficial approach was engagement in communal behaviors.
C) androgynous coping was more beneficial than either communal or agentic coping alone.
D) agentic coping was the most beneficial approach.

Question 45

Research on gender attitudes indicates that:

A) college students tend to be strongly traditional about all domains of gender attitudes.
B) college students tend to have more nontraditional beliefs about women's employment role than they do about women's combined work and family roles.
C) White men have more traditional beliefs than do White women.
D) b and c

Question 46

Cross-cultural research on gender attitudes indicates that the most egalitarian attitudes have been found in:

A) African countries.
B) the U.S.
C) northern European countries.
D) Asian countries.

Question 47

Which group of women has the most egalitarian gender attitudes?

A) Black
B) Latina
C) White
D) all hold equally egalitarian gender attitudes

Question 48

According to research on ethnic variations in gender attitudes and gender roles, which of the following is/are correct?

A) Among Latinas, the greater the acculturation into dominant U.S. culture, the more traditional the gender beliefs.
B) For many Native American groups, greater involvement in dominant U.S. culture has led to an increase in patriarchy.
C) Black women's attitudes about gender-related roles and behaviors are more traditional than the attitudes of women of other ethnicities.
D) all of the above

Question 49

The first woman to be elected and to serve as principal chief of the Cherokee nation was:

A) Devon Mihesuah
B) Stephanie Sellers
C) Wilma Mankiller
D) Lynn Malerba

Question 50

Which of the following demographic and personality characteristics is/are related to differences in gender attitudes?

A) religious beliefs
B) authoritarianism
C) social class
D) all of the above

Question 51

Which of the following characteristics is associated with more nontraditional gender-role attitudes?

A) lower degree of religious commitment
B) higher social class and educational level
C) higher grade-point average
D) all of the above

Question 52

The study that asked college students to list advantages and disadvantages associated with being the other gender found that disadvantages associated with being female included all of the following except:

A) pressure to be attractive.
B) discrimination in the workplace.
C) pressure to be successful.
D) reproductive processes, such as menstruation and pregnancy.

Question 53

___________ contends that the reason people have more negative evaluations of males who engage in female-stereotypic behaviors than of females who engage in male-stereotypic behaviors is that the male gender role is more highly valued.

A) Social role theory
B) Gender schema theory
C) The sexual orientation hypothesis
D) The social status hypothesis

Question 54

Which is not true of the concept of precarious manhood?

A) It is an achieved status
B) It is an ascribed status
C) It is difficult to attain
D) It is easy to lose

Question 55

The sexual orientation hypothesis and the social status hypothesis both attempt to explain why:

A) males more than females receive negative evaluations for engaging in cross-gender stereotypic behaviors.
B) lesbian women have more nontraditional gender attitudes than do heterosexual women.
C) some intersexuals develop a same-gender sexual orientation.
D) all of the above

Question 56

Discuss the stages of prenatal sex differentiation; show that you understand the processes involved in each stage.

Question 57

Define intersexuality and describe any two disorders that result in intersexuality. For each one, show that you understand the physical basis for the atypical physical development that characterizes the disorder.

Question 58

Research on intersexuals and females with Turner syndrome have examined the role of prenatal factors on gender-related development. Conclusions of these studies have not been consistent. Discuss the mixed evidence in relation to nonsexual gender-related attributes, gender identity, and sexual orientation.

Question 59

Give reasons why the Accord Alliance recommends that genital surgery be delayed until adolescence.

Question 60

Discuss the different attitudes toward multiple genders shown by Western and some non-Western cultures.

Question 61

Select any two theories of gender typing and describe the principal mechanisms involved in learning gender-related traits, behaviors, and roles. Also, present evaluative arguments made in relation to each of these theories.

Question 62

(a) When the psychological measurement of androgyny was developed in the 1970s it provided a major advantage over previous forms of gender-related trait measurement. Explain the advantage it had over the earlier forms of measurement. (b) Currently there are several feminist criticisms of the concept of androgyny. Discuss these.

Question 63

Discuss changes in gender-related traits over the last two decades and present some reasons for these changes.

Question 64

Discuss the procedure and findings of Stake's study of androgyny in the workplace.

Question 65

Discuss demographic and personality characteristics that are related to individual differences in gender attitudes.

Question 66

The text presents two explanations for the finding that people more negatively evaluate males who engage in cross-gender behavior than females who engage in cross-gender behavior. Describe and discuss each of these explanations and present a research finding consistent with it.