Deck 1: Introduction to Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

To motivate means

A) to be moved to do something.
B) to want to do something.
C) to be able to do something.
D) to know how to do something.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Motive is to incentive as

A) pull is to push.
B) push is to pull.
C) the future is to the present.
D) good grades are to valuing grades.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Motive is to incentive as

A) hunger is to thirst.
B) food is to water.
C) hunger is to food.
D) food is to hunger.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

__________ are the focus of a person's motivation while __________ serve as assists in that motivation.

A) incentives…..goals
B) needs…..incentives
C) needs…..goals
D) goals…..incentives

Question 5

What is the function or aim of an emotion? The aim is to

A) motivate behavior that aids in coping with environmental demands.
B) arouse activity in several behavioral channels.
C) produce an inner subjective feeling.
D) express your emotion facially to other individuals.

Question 6

In emotion, what does affect refer to? Affect refers to

A) physiological arousal
B) subjective feelings
C) facial expressions
D) tendency to act

Question 7

What is the relationship between emotion and motivation?

A) Emotions have no motivating function.
B) Emotions provide knowledge about a person's immediate environment.
C) Emotions serve as motives to satisfy the aim of the emotion.
D) Emotion are a way of energizing and activating an individual's behavior, but without purpose

Question 8

What is the purpose of a psychology of motivation? The purpose is to explain why

A) motivation seems to vary within a person at different times,e.g., hungry or not
B) motivation varies among people at the same time,e.g., men usually eat more than women
C) people want stuff and lots of it
D) answers a and b: What is motivating varies within a person and varies among people

Question 9

Most students prefer a grade of A in a course compared to a grade of B. This preference reflects what concept?

A) the value of an incentive
B) the strength of a motive
C) push motivation
D) the emotion of pride when earning a grade of A

Question 10

How do drives and psychological needs motivate behavior? Drives and psychological needs

A) agitate a person into action.
B) motivated behaviors that reduce the unpleasantness of the drives and needs.
C) activate environmental stimuli associated with the drives and needs.
D) suppress or inhibit behaviors that satisfy drives and needs.

Question 11

The valence of an incentive or valence of a goal refers to

A) the positive quality of an incentive or goal
B) the negative quality of an incentive or goal
C) either the positive or negative quality of an incentive or goal
D) how far in the future an incentive or goal becomes available

Question 12

What does Jeremy Bentham's principle of utility refer to?

A) All human motives originate in the unconscious.
B) Motivation originated in our evolutionary past.
C) Behavior is based on doing what is right.
D) The ability of things to affect happiness determine human behavior

Question 13

What is the implication of motivation as anticipation of the future?

A) People behave in order to bring about desired consequences.
B) A person's anticipation of the future cannot motivate behavior in the present.
C) Anticipation is the emotion that occurs when the future becomes the present.
D) People's prior experiences motivate their current behavior.

Question 14

During the anticipatory response mechanism, individuals

A) imagine achieving a goal
B) exhibit a portion or segment of actual consummatory behavior
C) affectively forecast their end-state experience
D) are experiencing an emotion

Question 15

What does simulation refer to in regards to motivation?

A) That a goal pushes a person into action
B) That a person experiences a fraction of actual consummatory behavior
C) That a person visualizes, mentally interacts with, and imagines the end-state of motivation
D) That a person becomes energized to engage in instrumental behavior

Question 16

During affective forecasting, a person is

A) trying to determine how to achieve a goal.
B) trying to decide what goal to pursue.
C) experiencing an emotion.
D) trying to predict his/her future feelings.

Question 17

According to the Greek philosophers Democritus and Epicurus, hedonism means

A) that in the long run, try to have the amount of pleasure exceed the amount of pain.
B) that in the short run, try to have the amount of pleasure exceed the amount of pain.
C) to live life to the fullest each day, as if there is no tomorrow.
D) to be unwilling to endure a hardship that is necessary for accomplishing a goal.

Question 18

Occasionally you visualize yourself walking across the stage and receiving your university diploma. This visual image helps keep you motivated to attend classes, study, and complete your assignments. This visual imagery is an example of

A) anticipatory response mechanism
B) cognitive motivation
C) affective forecasting
D) emotional thinking

Question 19

Consummatory behavior refers to

A) eating a food reward.
B) working to attain a food reward.
C) behavior that completes a motivational sequence.
D) choosing which motive to satisfy.

Question 20

What steps, in the correct order, are involved in motivation as a journey?

A) instrumental behavior, consummatory behavior, choice of motive or incentive
B) consummatory behavior, instrumental behavior, choice of motive or incentive
C) affective forecasting, anticipatory behavior, cognitive motivation
D) choice of motive or incentive, instrumental behavior, consummatory behavior

Question 21

What statement best illustrates the concept of instrumental behavior?

A) studying in order to pass a motivation test
B) thinking about the day's events
C) exercising 3 days per week, 1 hour daily
D) consummatory behavior with an incentive

Question 22

What is the difference between a biological source and a psychological source of motivation? As sources,

A) biological refers to the body; psychological refers to the brain.
B) biological refers to physiological processes; psychological refers to mental processes
C) biological refers to pull motivation; psychological refers to push motivation.
D) biological refers to cognitive motivation; psychological refers to simulation processes

Question 23

What is ghrelin and what is its function? Ghrelin is

A) a psychological variable that is associated with hunger.
B) a biological variable that is associated with the need to belong or to affiliate.
C) a biological variable that is associated with hunger.
D) a psychological variable that is associated with the need to belong or to affiliate.

Question 24

What is a motivating function of the need to belong or the need to affiliate? These needs

A) motivate individuals to manipulate others for their own personal pleasure.
B) are motives that protects individuals from feeling dejected when snubbed.
C) motivate a person to behave emotionally.
D) motivate a person to examine others for signs of acceptance/rejection.

Question 25

The explanation for human nature resides in people's

A) evolutionary past
B) anticipation of their future
C) agency
D) reinforcement history

Question 26

Which of the following represents an external source of motivation?

A) amount of ghrelin in a person's blood
B) amount of an incentive
C) degree of self-worth
D) intensity of instrumental behavior

Question 27

In general, sources of motivation refer to

A) emotions
B) the intelligence necessary for motivated behavior.
C) the origin or starting place of events that motivate behavior.
D) the behaviors that indicate or measure motivation.

Question 28

Why are people motivated by different things? The reason people differ in what motivates them is that

A) each person has a different evolutionary past.
B) people differ in their human nature.
C) people's internal states like hunger remain constant
D) people vary in stable individual characteristics like needs and traits.

Question 29

According to Bandura's agentic theory, people

A) choose or create their circumstances.
B) stress too much when bad things happen to them
C) react passively to the stimuli in their environment.
D) are not affected by their circumstances.

Question 30

Behavior is most strongly motivated when

A) a person wants to do something.
B) a psychological need is present plus a matching incentive is available.
C) an incentive is available.
D) a psychological need is present.

Question 31

Variation in Darwin's theory of evolution refers to

A) the environment favoring some physical traits over other traits for survival.
B) children receiving different amounts of a physical trait from each parent.
C) differences among humans in the extent of some physical trait.
D) physical traits being inherited from one generation to the next.

Question 32

Selection in Darwin's theory of evolution refers to

A) differences among humans in the amount of some physical trait.
B) physical traits being inherited from one generation to the next.
C) children receiving different amounts of a physical trait from each parent.
D) the environment favoring some physical traits over other traits for survival.

Question 33

Selection by consequences means or refers to

A) goal success choosing goal-achievement behavior
B) variation in people's behavior in a particular situation
C) affective forecasting determining a person's preferences
D) natural selection

Question 34

Darwin's concept of sexual selection is based on

A) physical traits that favor survival
B) the value of traits that are relevant for mating and for producing offspring.
C) society's rules of how people should act in order to attract a mate.
D) using sexual deception as a defense against predators.

Question 35

Population thinking assumes that

A) different populations or groups of people differ in what motivates them.
B) populations can become extinct if they do not adapt to their environment.
C) every person in a population is different in what motivates him or her.
D) the sample statistics are identical to population statistics.

Question 36

In the theory of motivational readiness, an incentive motivates behavior most strongly when the incentive

A) has the longest psychological distance
B) is outside a person's awareness
C) reduces tension
D) best satisfies the wants of an individual

Question 37

In the theory of motivational readiness, what is an affordance?

A) It is a possible incentive.
B) It is a boost in tension.
C) It refers motivation in the absence of a goal.
D) It refers to the stimulus aspect of a psychological need.

Question 38

End-states (incentives, goals) motivate individuals to attain/achieve them. The further away in time end-states are

A) the more valuable they are
B) the less their power to motivate
C) the more their power to motivate
D) does not determine how motivating they are

Question 39

Targeted intervention rests on

A) selection by consequences
B) natural selection
C) becoming aware of the utility or value of some endeavor
D) being allowed to choose what to do

Question 40

What are individuals doing when engaged in interoception? Individuals are

A) trying to understand the nature of an incentive
B) trying to match what they hear with what they see
C) aware of how their facial expressions affect other individuals
D) being aware of their internal states like hunger or anxiety

Question 41

a. Discuss why motives are a case of push motivation and incentives are a case of pull motivation.
b. Is it necessary for both a motive and incentive to be present in order for behavior to occur?

Question 42

How would a motivation psychology explain differences in the behavior (a) of one individual at different times and (b) among different people at the same time?

Question 43

Describe some ways that motivation consists of perceiving a future end-state.

Question 44

Use your college career, up to now, to illustrate the motivation sequence: choice, instrumental behavior, and end-states.

Question 45

Differentiate among the three sources of motivation: biological, psychological, and environmental. Your answer should contain an example of each source of motivation.