Deck 8: Mechanization and Quantification

Question 1

Which of the following advanced the idea that philosophy is simpy the study of bodies in motion?

A)René Descartes
B)Francis Bacon
C)John Locke
D)Thomas Hobbes

Answer 1

Thomas Hobbes

Question 2

In his work on the doctrine of the specific energies of nerves, _____ argued that a given nerve is only capable of transmitting a single, specific sensation quality.

A)Johannes Müller
B)Sir Charles Bell
C)François Magendie
D)Joseph Gall

Answer 2

Johannes Müller

Question 3

The doctrine of the specific energies of the nerves implies that

A)experience is not totally dependent upon nervous structure
B)we are directly aware of objects in the world
C)we are directly aware not of objects, but of our nerves themselves
D)the mind is only sometimes tied directly to the machinery of the body

Answer 3

we are directly aware not of objects, but of our nerves themselves

Question 4

_____ developed the conviction that mental functions and personality characteristics are located in specific areas of the brain.

A)Franz Joseph Gall
B)Hermann von Helmholtz
C)Paul Broca
D)Pierre Flourens

Question 5

The literal meaning of phrenology is

A)science of the skull
B)science of the brain
C)science of the mind
D)science of shape

Question 6

Phrenology was a ""productive false start"" in each of the following ways EXCEPT

A)drawing attention to the brain as the central organ of intellect
B)demonstrating that human nature could be scientifically studied
C)spurring research into localization of function of the brain
D)endorsing the method of cranioscopy

Question 7

______ used the method of ablation to find evidence to support the claims of phrenology but he found no such evidence.

A)Franz Joseph Gall
B)Hermann von Helmholtz
C)Edward Bradford Titchener
D)Pierre Flourens

Question 8

____ discovered that articulate or spoken speech is localized in the left inferior frontal gyrus.

A)Franz Joseph Gall
B)Julius Eduard Hitzig
C)Paul Broca
D)Pierre Flourens

Question 9

Electrical stimulation of the cortex is a technique pioneered by

A)Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
B)Julius Eduard Hitzig and Theodor Fritsch
C)Paul Broca and Pierre Flourens
D)Hermann von Helmholtz and Johannes Müller

Question 10

____ developed a staining procedure that enhances the features of nerve elements.

A)Camillo Golgi
B)Julius Eduard Hitzig
C)Paul Broca
D)Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Question 11

______ discovered a gap between nerve cells and theorized that neural transmission proceeds from the synapse to the axon of a nerve cell.

A)Camillo Golgi
B)Julius Eduard Hitzig
C)Paul Broca
D)Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Question 12

____ wrote Integrative Action of the Nervous System, which laid the foundations for modern neurophysiology.

A)Camillo Golgi
B)Julius Eduard Hitzig
C)Sir Charles Sherrington
D)Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Question 13

___ measured the speed of a nervous impulse.

A)Johannes Müller
B)Hermann von Helmholtz
C)Jacques Quételet
D)Francis Galton

Question 14

The original derivations of the well-known symmetrical bell-shaped curve were set forth by

A)Jacques Quételet
B)Francis Galton
C)Abraham DeMoivre
D)Blaise Pascal

Question 15

____ was the first to apply statistics to the moral arena. One way he did so was by studying relationships between criminal behavior and age.

A)Jacques Quételet
B)Francis Galton
C)Abraham DeMoivre
D)Karl Friedrich Gauss

Question 16

_____ was the first to use the term co-relation (later changed to correlation) He also contributed to the technical mathematical basis of correlation.

A)Jacques Quételet
B)Francis Galton
C)Karl Pearson
D)Karl Friedrich Gauss

Question 17

___ was among the first to use graphs to illustrate the importance of sanitary conditions in field hospitals.

A)Francis Galton
B)Florence Nightingale
C)Dorothea Lynde Dix
D)Jacques Quételet

Question 18

____ was the French researcher who verified the motor function of the ventral root of the spinal cord and discovered the sensory function of the dorsal root of the spinal cord.

A)Niels Stensen
B)Etienne Bonnot de Condillac
C)François Magendie
D)Claude-Adrien Helvétius

Question 19

_____ was the English researcher who discovered the motor function of the ventral root of the spinal cord.

A)Robert Whytt
B)Stephen Hales
C)Sir Charles Bell
D)Johann August Unzer

Question 20

""The heart is a spring, the nerves are strings, the joints are wheels giving motion to the whole body."" This mechanistic approach to life is encountered in the work of

A)George Berkeley
B)Thomas Hobbes
C)Immanuel Kant
D)Christian von Wolff

Question 21

According to the text, the epistemology embraced by Thomas Hobbes was

A)an unqualified empiricism, since knowledge begins with the senses
B)nominalism, since the truths we know are truths about words
C)rationalism, since deduction and the geometric method provide the only basis for verifiable conclusions
D)a complicated combination of empiricism, rationalism, and nominalism

Question 22

The author of Leviathan was

A)Joseph Ignace Guillotin
B)Julien Offray de La Mettrie
C)Sir Charles Bell
D)Thomas Hobbes

Question 23

In terms of ontology, Hobbes was

A)an interactionist, believing in the reality of mind and body
B)an idealist
C)a thoroughgoing materialist
D)a pluralist

Question 24

According to Hobbes, the behavior of human beings can be understood

A)as a complex interaction of mind and body
B)in terms of the free choices that we make
C)in the same quantitative fashion that we employ in our understanding of the physical world
D)in the context of probability. Psychology could never be an exact science

Question 25

Philosophy to Hobbes was

A)the queen of the humanities
B)essentially a social science
C)a branch of theology
D)simply science

Question 26

When theorizing about human physiology, Descartes relied heavily on the hydraulic model he observed in moving statues. In Descartes's view of humans, _______ flowing in nerves is (are) analogous to water flowing in the pipes of the statues.

A)the pineal gland
B)air
C)animal spirits
D)very fine atoms

Question 27

Descartes believed that

A)many movements in humans and all movements in animals are of a purely mechanical and nonreflective nature
B)all movements in humans and in animals are mechanical
C)all movements in humans are of a reflective nature and some movements in animals are of a reflective nature
D)all human behavior is rational and no animal behavior is rational

Question 28

According to Descartes, the soul, in humans,

A)is tied to the body but nevertheless autonomous and free
B)cannot prevent some emotions (especially in cases of strong emotions) The soul is therefore not completely autonomous
C)is not really tied to the body and is completely free
D)plays no role whatever in any kind of movement

Question 29

A muscle with an attached nerve from a frog's leg contracts in a sealed glass tube. At one end of the glass tube is a pipette containing a drop of water. When the muscle contracts, the drop of water is not forced out. This demonstration by __________ proved embarrassing to the theory of nervous action advanced by _________

A)Descartes . . . Swammerdam
B)Swammerdam . . . Descartes
C)Swammerdam . . . Hobbes
D)Descartes . . . Hobbes

Question 30

Descartes advanced many hypotheses about the pineal gland. Niels Stensen demonstrated that some of the hypotheses were incorrect. Which of the following were challenged by Stensen?

A)the pineal gland moves from side to side
B)the pineal gland is richly supplied with nerves
C)animals do not have pineal glands
D)all of the above

Question 31

______ was the first to clearly demonstrate a spinal reflex.

A)Sir Charles Bell
B)Julien Offray de La Mettrie
C)Stephen Hales
D)Robert Whytt

Question 32

______ drew distinctions between voluntary and involuntary actions and may have been the first to use the terms stimulus and response in a manner comparable to modern usage.

A)Robert Whytt
B)Stephen Hales
C)Johann August Unzer
D)François Magendie

Question 33

______ was the first to employ the word reflex in connection with sensory-motor functions.

A)Joseph Ignace Guillotin
B)Julien Offray de La Mettrie
C)Johann August Unzer
D)Stephen Hales

Question 34

_____ was the first to introduce the terms afferent and efferent.

A)Robert Whytt
B)Stephen Hales
C)Jan Swammerdam
D)Johann August Unzer

Question 35

_______, author of Man a Machine, advanced a radical mechanistic philosophy.

A)Jacques Quételet
B)Francis Galton
C)Hermann von Helmholtz
D)Julien Offray de La Mettrie

Question 36

____ was one of the first to use descriptive social statistics in campaigns to improve the treatment environments for people with mental illnesses.

A)Benjamin Rush
B)Jacques Quételet
C)Francis Galton
D)Dorothea Lynde Dix