Deck 1: The Challenges of Global Warming Research

Question 1

According to the text, scientists, as a rule, should:

A) always come to definitive conclusions
B) never come to definitive conclusions
C) sometimes come to definitive conclusions
D) should always present their findings as unconditional

Answer 1

never come to definitive conclusions

Question 2

According to the text, good science:

A) tests a specific thing
B) always identifies shortcomings
C) does not overgeneralize
D) all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

The first models of global warming were developed in the:

A) 1970s
B) 1980s
C) 1990s
D) 2000s

Answer 3

1980s

Question 4

The average U.S. temperature during the summer of 2012 surpassed the previous all-time high by:

A) 3.2 degrees
B) 1 degree
C) 0 degrees
D) 1.6 degrees

Question 5

Perspectives that can help us understand the relationship between weather and crime include:

A) routine activities
B) rational choice
C) stress-induced violence
D) all of the above

Question 6

Cohn's studies indicate that ________ crimes increase as the temperature increases.

A) assault
B) rape
C) tax fraud
D) a and b

Question 7

According to the text, the temperature that appears to be the tipping point in the research relating to collective violence is:

A) 85 degrees
B) 90 degrees
C) 95 degrees
D) 99 degrees

Question 8

Ranson's time series study covered:

A) a 10-year period
B) a 30-year period
C) a 50-year period
D) an 80-year period

Question 9

Ranson's study showed a strong relationship between temperature and all crimes except:

A) larceny
B) robbery
C) rape
D) manslaughter

Question 10

The ENSO develops along:

A) the west coast of Africa
B) the west coast of North America
C) the west coast of South America
D) the southern coast of Australia

Question 11

The ENSO has been associated with:

A) droughts
B) flooding
C) reduced fishing stocks
D) all of the above

Question 12

One of the areas strongly affected by the ENSO is:

A) Africa
B) Canada
C) Siberia
D) none of the above

Question 13

Hsiang, Meng, & Cane (2011) estimate that ________ of civil conflicts since 1950 can be linked to El Nino.

A) one-half
B) three quarters
C) one-fifth
D) one-quarter

Question 14

Hsiang, Burke, & Miguel (2013) found that conflict was strongly associated with:

A) temperature and rainfall
B) rainfall and snowfall
C) hurricanes and tornadoes
D) days of the week

Question 15

Burke et al. (2009) concluded, based on climate model projections, that we would see a 54% increase in armed conflict incidence by:

A) 2050
B) 2030
C) 2070
D) 2100

Question 16

Ranson (2012) concluded that between 2010-2099, all forms of crime were expected to:

A) decrease considerably
B) stay the same
C) increase considerably
D) increase just a little

Question 17

According to the text, the environmental crime perspective may not seem to work so well with regard to explaining increases in domestic violence because:

A) incidents usually occur inside the home where outside temperature may not have a direct impact
B) domestic violence seems to occur all throughout the year, not just during warm weather
C) domestic violence decreases during the warmer months
D) domestic violence increases during the colder months

Question 18

Out of the 16 locations included in the Michael & Zumpe (1983) study, how many showed a significant positive correlation between monthly mean temperature and monthly mean number of rapes?

A) 10
B) 8
C) 2
D) 13

Question 19

Out of the 16 locations included in the Michael & Zumpe (1983) study, how many showed a significant positive correlation between monthly mean temperature and monthly mean number of assaults?

A) 16
B) 14
C) 12
D) 9

Question 20

ENSO is associated with a surge of epidemics in parts of Africa due to:

A) the intense drought it produces
B) the increased rain it produces
C) the increased temperatures it produces
D) the decreased temperatures it produces

Question 21

Identify and discuss the characteristics of good science as compared to those of bad science.

Question 22

Define the terms "weather" and "climate." Explain why a few really cold days here and there cannot be used to dispel the notion of climate change.

Question 23

Identify three specific crimes and their association with increase in temperature. Include some discussion of why an increase in temperature could be associated with an increase in that particular crime.

Question 24

Identify the three perspectives used to try to understand the relationship between temperature and crime. Discuss at least one specific crime with relation to each perspective.

Question 25

Discuss why it may or may not be beneficial for society if the criminal justice system looked beyond blaming individual offenders and instead focused on environmental/structural factors and potential mitigation efforts