Deck 17: Cognitive Development: Thinking, Information and Representations

Question 1

At what age do secondary circular reactions occur?

A) 1-4 months.
B) 4-9 months.
C) 9-12 months
D) 12-18 months.

Answer 1

4-9 months.

Question 2

Piaget used the term 'accommodation' to mean:

A) the changes to cognitive structures because of new information.
B) responding to information using existing ways of thinking.
C) children's ability to build on the thinking of others.
D) achieving a balance between understanding and experience.

Answer 2

the changes to cognitive structures because of new information.

Question 3

The A not B error involves:

A) believing that objects cease to exist when they no longer can be seen.
B) putting a ball in the wrong container.
C) failing to reach for an object when it is covered with a cloth.
D) searching for an object at the place where it had previously disappeared, not where it last disappeared.

Answer 3

searching for an object at the place where it had previously disappeared, not where it last disappeared.

Question 4

Gibson's views about perception:

A) were the same as Piaget's.
B) involved learning through reinforcement.
C) emphasized the role of innate processes.
D) were that this developed through a series of stages.

Question 5

Baillargon carried out a study where:

A) infants were tested on cross-modal perception.
B) size constancy was investigated.
C) a ball rolled down a slope.
D) a screen appeared to fall on a cube.

Question 6

Cross-modal integration was studied by:

A) Metzoff and Borton
B) Slater
C) Baillargeon
D) Spelke

Question 7

The last stage of development identified by Piaget is called:

A) concrete operations.
B) operational.
C) formal operations.
D) logical operations.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes Piaget's idea of cognitive development?

A) Cognitive structures are changed as a result of experience.
B) Cognitive structures are changed because of the teaching of adults.
C) Genetics plays a major role in the development of cognitive structures.
D) Cognitive structures are changed because of a microgenetic process.

Question 9

Why was 'naughty teddy' useful?

A) It helped to made sure children listened to the explanation.
B) It gave the children more confidence about their answer.
C) It provided children with a reason why the adult asked the same question again.
D) It made what the adult was saying a lot clearer.

Question 10

What is moral realism?

A) Understanding that there are both good and bad people.
B) Understanding that bad behaviour is usually punished.
C) Believing that punishment should be related to the amount of damage that has been done.
D) Believing that rules are not always right.

Question 11

Which of these has NOT been put forward as a criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

A) He used a cross-sectional design.
B) His work was biased towards males.
C) He took no account of cross-cultural factors.
D) The stories he used could mean different things to different age groups.

Question 12

Heteronomous morality refers to:

A) acting to meet one's own interests and needs.
B) adherence to rules backed by punishment.
C) fulfilling the actual duties to which one has agreed.
D) universal ethical principles.

Question 13

The work of Chi showed that children can be better than students at remembering where chess pieces are placed on a chess board when:

A) they are more intelligent.
B) they are better at playing chess than the adults.
C) they have been given a special training programme.
D) the students have been drinking the night before the test was given.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT the type of explanation provided by researchers who believe research about information processing can help us understand cognitive development?

A) Children get better at chunking information.
B) Children's capacity to process information increases.
C) Children encode new information.
D) Children are taught how to solve problems by adults.

Question 15

A micro-genetic study involves:

A) studying the effects of genetics on cognitive processes.
B) a detailed examination of developmental change.
C) rejection of Piaget's methodology.
D) using video recordings of behaviour.

Question 16

Which of the following statements in relation to the representational redescription model is correct?

A) The model was proposed by Siegler.
B) Development involves a U-shaped performance profile.
C) At the implicit level, children can give explanations for their success.
D) Children begin life with cognitive modules.

Question 17

According to the representational redescription model, what is the difference between children at an implicit level and children at an explicit level?

A) They are much worse at solving a problem.
B) They take longer to solve a problem.
C) They are less talkative.
D) Children at the implicit level find it difficult to explain their own success.

Question 18

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about scaffolding?

A) Wood, Bruner & Ross (1976) carried out a study of scaffolding.
B) Scaffolding can be related to Vygotsky's theory about development.
C) Findings about scaffolding create problems for ideas about the ZPD.
D) Scaffolding can involve modelling.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a term used by Rogoff when discussing guided participation?

A) Community plane
B) Interpersonal plane
C) Personal plane
D) Objective plane