Deck 3: Cognitive Affective Bases of Behavior

Question 1

There are four distinct stages of sleep. Sleepwalking and somniloquy take place during which stage of sleep?

A)Stage N1
B)Stage N2
C)Stage N3
D)None of the above

Answer 1

Stage N3

Question 2

Studies of memory loss and weakness as it relates to aging tend to focus on which types of memory?

A)Episodic and semantic memory
B)Episodic and implicit memory
C)Explicit and implicit memory
D)Semantic and implicit memory

Answer 2

Explicit and implicit memory

Question 3

There are different types of memory that are responsible for retaining information over varying lengths of time. Which type of memory is responsible for being able to recall names of childhood experiences and the names of family members?

A)Working memory
B)Long-term memory
C)Childhood memory
D)Sensory memory

Answer 3

Long-term memory

Question 4

Language is defined as a system of symbols imbued with meaning that permits for communication of innumerable ideas. Which theory regarding the connection between language and culture posits that language structure (concepts and categories) influences or determines cognition?

A)Linguistic relativity principle
B)Language of thought hypothesis
C)Cultural evolution theory
D)Innovative language use

Question 5

There are windows of learning during which it is easiest for people to acquire or refine particular abilities. For example, it is commonly accepted that children learn more readily than adults. One of the key windows of learning is:

A)Frequency
B)Myelination
C)Conditioning
D)Plasticity

Question 6

Language development happens gradually over a number of stages of verbalization. Which of those stages is marked by the imitation of sounds without comprehension of them?

A)Word comprehension
B)Holophrastic speech
C)Echolalia
D)Telegraphic speech

Question 7

Language development theories focus on either nature or nurture mechanisms of learning language. What concept is described by the idea that children are born with an innate ability and need only exposure to adult language to develop speech?

A)Language acquisition device
B)Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
C)Interactionist view
D)Phonological view

Question 8

A common language-related disorder, dyslexia, expresses itself in different types. Which type of dyslexia does someone who reads the word "slap" as "slit" or "sleep" most likely have?

A)Deep dyslexia
B)Neglect
C)Surface dyslexia
D)Phonological dyslexia

Question 9

A common language-related disorder, dyslexia, expresses itself in different types. What type of dyslexia does someone who sounds words out instead of recognizing them have?

A)Deep dyslexia
B)Phonological dyslexia
C)Surface dyslexia
D)Neglect

Question 10

One psychologist posited that social interaction was necessary for cognitive development-that all cognitive functions begin in relationships with others and are later internalized by children. Who proposed this theory?

A)Piaget
B)Vygotsky
C)Chomsky
D)Pascual-Leone

Question 11

Sensory memory is one stage of memory that involves storing information as either a visual image or a sound. What is the time span of echoic memory in this stage?

A)½ second
B)1 second
C)4 seconds
D)20 seconds

Question 12

Someone trying to remember the phone number 7-1-8-0-5-5-5 remembers it as 71 805 55. What is this technique of memorization known as?

A)Grouping
B)Chunking
C)Priming
D)Clustering

Question 13

Pain perception includes both sensory and emotional experiences. In 1965, two researchers proposed that pain sensation is mediated by transmission cells in the spinal cord, rather than being directly related to activated pain receptors. What is this idea known as?

A)Pain transmission theory
B)Gate control theory
C)Pain control theory
D)Melzack's control theory

Question 14

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences addressed the idea that methods of measuring intelligence may not be accurate or scientific and suggested that the traditional concept of intelligence did not address the wide scope of abilities humans display. Which of the following is not one of the eight types of intelligence suggested in this theory?

A)Spatial intelligence
B)Linguistic intelligence
C)Bodily intelligence
D)Intuitive intelligence

Question 15

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence (first introduced in 1977) includes three facets of intelligence. The ability to break problems down into component parts describes which of those three facets?

A)Componential
B)Experiential
C)Contextual
D)Practical

Question 16

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence (first introduced in 1977) includes three facets of intelligence. The ability to understand and cope with daily tasks describes which of those three subtheories?

A)Componential
B)Experiential
C)Contextual
D)Practical

Question 17

Arthur Jensen claimed that roughly eighty percent of human intelligence was the result of heredity and that environmental influence was responsible for the remaining twenty percent. Which environmental factor did he believe was most influential on intelligence?

A)Socioeconomic conditions
B)Prenatal care
C)Family upbringing
D)Gender differences

Question 18

One critic of Arthur Jensen's claim that eighty percent of intelligence is determined by heredity questioned his use of one type of study. Which of the following studies did Urie Bronfenbrenner claim were excessively used in Jensen's research?

A)Twin studies with controlled variables
B)Twin studies with uncontrolled variables
C)Twin studies with biased information
D)Quantitative research on siblings

Question 19

Francis Galton studied the connections between genetics and abilities and determined that intelligence was largely inherited. Which of the following terms best describes his beliefs about how human ability is best fostered?

A)Selective breeding
B)Natural selection
C)Social status
D)Acquired characteristics

Question 20

Sherman and Key studied the intellectual abilities of children living in isolated villages and noted that they had inferior intellects when compared with children living in more populated areas. What conclusion did they draw from this?

A)Children develop intelligence in response to environmental demand.
B)Children in isolated social groups do not develop as much intelligence as those in larger social groups.
C)Children develop intelligence based on factors unrelated to location.
D)Children of lower socioeconomic status are less intelligent.

Question 21

David Krech studied the relationship between environment and intelligence by experimenting with rats in specifically-constructed environments. Which of the following is NOT one of his research conclusions?

A)Rearing in an enriched environment results in higher intelligence.
B)Rearing in an impoverished environment results in lower intelligence.
C)Rearing in a specific environment may affect intelligence level, but changing environments will also affect intelligence level.
D)Rearing in an enriched environment affects brain composition.

Question 22

Psychological tests for intelligence are based on a number of theories about intelligence that have been developed over the last century or so. In the 1920s, a psychologist proposed that intelligence is a single factor (termed the g factor), rather than being composed of more than one type. Which psychologist presented this theory?

A)Spearman
B)Thurstone
C)Cattell
D)Carroll

Question 23

Following Spearman's g factor theory of intelligence, a group of researchers developed a more complex theory involving three strata of intelligence, with a number of intelligence types delineated under the general "g" level. Whose research is this newer theory based on?

A)Carroll
B)Cattell
C)Thurstone
D)Sternberg

Question 24

Which idea is the Montessori method of education primarily based on?

A)Spontaneous self-development
B)Directed learning processes
C)Homeschool-style learning
D)Collaborative learning

Question 25

Edward Thorndike studied animal behavior and learning processes. He formulated a theory of learning based on his research. The law of effect is one component of that theory. What does this law state?

A)Conditioned responses cannot be unlearned.
B)Learning is lost through not performing learned behaviors.
C)Responses may be altered by a resulting state of affairs in the environment.
D)Environment largely controls responses

Question 26

Albert Bandura's work in personality psychology and social cognitive theory has significantly shifted perspectives on learning and behavior. What was his conclusion from the 1961 Bobo doll experiment?

A)That aggression is largely learned through observation and imitation
B)That aggression is largely innate, but is fostered by environment
C)That aggression is a result of unhealthy same-sex relationships in childhood
D)That males and females are equally inclined towards aggression, but social pressures impact each group's expression of the trait

Question 27

Albert Bandura's work in personality psychology and social cognitive theory has significantly shifted perspectives on learning and behavior. He introduced a theory stating that individuals learn behavior through observation and through the existence of positive or negative reinforcement of specific behaviors. What is this theory called?

A)Observational learning theory
B)Social learning theory
C)Self-efficacy theory
D)Social cognitive theory

Question 28

Different types of punishment produce varying types of change. When moderate punishment is used in combination with the opportunity to learn acceptable responses, what type of change typically results?

A)Temporary change
B)Permanent change
C)Modular change
D)Systematic change

Question 29

F. Skinner spent much of his time analyzing behavior and coined the term operant conditioning. How did he define punishment?

A)"a necessary evil to motivate a subject"
B)"the highest level of persuasion"
C)"the commonest technique of control in modern life"
D)"the most valuable technique of control in modern life"

Question 30

Edward Thorndike studied animal behavior and learning processes. He formulated a theory of learning based on his research; one component of that theory is the law of readiness. Which of the following statements is not part of the law of readiness?

A)It is satisfying to perform an act when one is ready to do so.
B)It is annoying to not perform an act when one is ready to do so.
C)It is annoying to perform an act when one is not ready to do so.
D)It is satisfying to perform an act when one is encouraged to do so.

Question 31

Edward Thorndike studied animal behavior and learning processes. He formulated a theory of learning based on his research; one component of that theory is the idea of associative shifting. Which of the following best describes this idea?

A)When stimulus S is paired with stimulus Q, response R will be disconnected from stimulus S.
B)When stimulus S is paired with response R, stimulus Q will also be paired with response R if it is paired with stimulus S.
C)When stimulus S is paired with response R, stimulus Q will also be paired with response R if it presented with stimulus S multiple times.
D)When stimulus S is paired with stimulus Q, response R will be paired with both S and Q if it occurs with both stimuli.

Question 32

Edward Thorndike studied animal behavior and learning processes. He formulated a theory of learning based on his research. He was an early proponent of active learning theory. What does that theory state?

A)Children learn better with active involvement of teachers or other adults.
B)Children learn better with active involvement from other children.
C)Children learn better without active involvement from other children.
D)Children learn better if they are self-directed, rather than receiving guidance from teachers.

Question 33

A child observed an attack of someone on the street by a man in a yellow jacket. Now he is afraid of any man in a yellow jacket he encounters. What is this phenomenon known as?

A)Second-order conditioning
B)Transference
C)Reaction shifting
D)Signal strength

Question 34

In operant conditioning, a number of factors, as well as the style of conditioning employed, affect both short- and long-term outcome. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors considered to affect conditioning?

A)Deprivation
B)Immediacy
C)Size
D)Age

Question 35

Escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning are two types of operant conditioning. Which of the following is NOT a similarity of these two methods?

A)They both employ negative (aversive) stimuli
B)They both have ethical concerns
C)They both provide immediate aversive stimuli upon target response
D)They both build include time for desired response to be performed before consequence

Question 36

Edward Tolman was a behavioral psychologist. His experiments with rats led to a theory that animals can learn connections between stimuli without a biological event to reinforce learning. What is this theory known as?

A)S-S view
B)S-R view
C)Reinforcement theory
D)Behavioral theory

Question 37

Theories about reward and punishment based in classical and operant conditioning techniques have also been applied to the workplace. What has research about reward and punishment theories found to be true?

A)Positive punishment increases productivity.
B)Performance-contingent rewards increase productivity.
C)Non-performance contingent rewards increase satisfaction.
D)Performance-contingent punishment increases productivity.

Question 38

Classical conditioning focuses on responses that are automatic, rather than learned. If you feed your dog every day at 9 am and he starts to stare at his food bowl around 9 am before you've fed him, what kind of conditioning has occurred?

A)Delay conditioning
B)Temporal conditioning
C)Trace conditioning
D)Backward conditioning

Question 39

John Watson's experiment with a young child and a white rat demonstrated the effectiveness of classical conditioning. He paired exposure to the rat with a loud noise and the child learned to be afraid of the rat. The child also demonstrated fear around other white furry objects. What is this an example of?

A)Conditioned generalization
B)Stimulus generalization
C)Stimulus extrapolation
D)Backward conditioning

Question 40

In Pavlov's classical conditioning dog experiment, he paired a neutral stimulus (a tone) with an unconditioned stimulus (meat) repeatedly until the neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus (the dog learned to salivate upon hearing the tone). He then paired the tone with a new neutral stimulus, such as a flash of light, repeatedly, until the learned response was elicited from the dog upon exposure to the flash of light. What is this known as?

A)Third order conditioning
B)Higher order conditioning
C)Backward conditioning
D)Multiple stimulus conditioning

Question 41

Different theories of emotion propose varying relationships between psychological feelings and bodily reactions. Which theory claims that emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously?

A)James-Lange theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)Two-factor theory
D)Schacter's theory

Question 42

Different theories of emotion propose varying relationships between psychological feelings and bodily reactions. Which theory explains the following situation?
An individual sees someone they are attracted to. The individual's heart rate increases and his throat becomes dry. His perception of those responses leads him to believe he is experiencing desire, an emotion.

A)Cannon-Bard theory
B)James-Lange theory
C)Affective events theory
D)Two-factor theory

Question 43

Different theories of emotion propose varying relationships between psychological feelings and bodily reactions. In the 1960s, researchers performed an experiment in which they injected two groups of subjects with epinephrine. What theory is supported by this study?

A)The perceptual theory
B)James-Lange theory
C)Two-factor theory
D)Cannon-Bard theory

Question 44

Theories of workplace motivation fall into different categories-need, cognitive, or reinforcement. Which of the following theories posits that lower level needs, such as salary and working conditions, are directly related to dissatisfaction?

A)Maslow's need hierarchy
B)Herzberg's two-factor theory
C)Job enrichment theory
D)McClelland's acquired needs theory

Question 45

Mood disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors. A number of theories have been proposed to explain the etiology of mood disorders. Which of the following theories posits that depression is the result of having a negative view of the self?

A)Permissive theory
B)Beck's cognitive theory
C)Rehm's self-regulating model
D)Psychoanalytic theory

Question 46

__________ is an example of an automatic thought.

A)"She hates me"
B)"I am insignificant"
C)"I am stupid"
D)All of the above

Question 47

When light enters the eye, it is converted from light energy to electrical signals to chemical signals that the brain can understand and interpret. The process of the information changing from visual signals to electric signals to chemical signals is called:

A)Signal detection
B)Translation
C)Sensory reception
D)Transduction

Question 48

When you think of the color white, you think of something pure, innocent, and unpolluted. This is an example of a __________ .

A)Veracity
B)Symbolic representation
C)Fallacy
D)Symbolic truth

Question 49

Adults are capable of abstract thought. In contrast, children are concrete thinkers, meaning they are able to think about things in "here and now." Which is an example of a concrete way of thinking?

A)Touching a couch or table and identifying it as a piece of furniture
B)Understanding a couch or table as part of the general class of furniture
C)Understanding a couch or table as separate useful items, and as representatives of a general class (furniture)
D)class (furniture) general class (furniture)

Question 50

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory centers on the idea that individuals have different minds, and thus, learn, process, and remember things differently. Gardner believed that a person's __________ affects his or her learning preferences.

A)Brain waves
B)Human potential
C)Childhood
D)Trauma

Question 51

McGyver was quite skilled at using ordinary objects in ways other than their intended or typical use. In this way he was able to solve many problems that would have stumped others. One could say that McGyver was good at overcoming:

A)Functional fixedness
B)Mental set
C)Algorithms
D)Confirmation bias

Question 52

Cognitive therapists challenge clients' distorted ways of thinking, to allow for new, more rational thoughts. One type of cognitive distortion is all-or -nothing thinking. An example of all-or-nothing thinking is:

A)If I do not get an A+, I will never go to college
B)If I do not get an A+, my mom will think I am dumb
C)If I do not get an A+, no one will like me
D)All of the Above

Question 53

Classical conditioning, also known as __________ , is the process of taking away an unconditioned stimulus, once the desired response is achieved. Choose all that apply.

A)Objective conditioning
B)Pavlovian conditioning
C)Respondent conditioning
D)Canine conditioning

Question 54

Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning. This means learning through observation of others' behavior (modeling). Common models of behavior are __________ . Choose all that apply.

A)Sibling
B)Parents
C)Teacher
D)All of the above

Question 55

David Kolb identifies four learning styles. If you have a client who learns, via the converger style, he or she uses __________ .

A)Abstract conceptualization and active experimentation
B)Abstract conceptualization and concrete experimentation
C)Reflective observation and concrete experimentation
D)Reflective observation and active experimentation

Question 56

An ambitious amateur violinist is able to learn a difficult piece of music when working with her mentor. Yet, on her own, she struggles with the same piece of music. Over time, while working with her mentor, she is eventually able to master the piece even when she is not with her mentor. This example fits the concept of __________ .

A)Supporting
B)The Zone of Proximal Development
C)Scaffolding
D)Resourcing

Question 57

Individuals who learn best through exposure to "the big picture" and then focusing on the interactions involved are said to prefer which type of learning style?

A)Relational style
B)Analytical style
C)Observational style
D)Systematic style

Question 58

An example of negative punishment, according to operant conditioning is__________ .

A)Student gets reprimanded for skipping school; student skips school less often
B)Student does not get to go on field trip due to skipping school; student skips school less often
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above

Question 59

F. Skinner studied operant conditioning. According to his research, praise is an example of __________ .

A)Reinforcement
B)Social Cognitive learning
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above

Question 60

Classical conditioning, a type of learning studied by Ivan Pavlov, tested his theory on dogs. A more contemporary example of classical conditioning is:

A)A student is typically calm when giving a presentation in front of the class. Knowing this, his teacher matches his response by creating a calming environment in the classroom as well. As a result, the student maintains his calm demeanor
B)A student has anxiety and, as a result, stutters when giving a presentation in front of his class. Knowing this, the teacher creates a calming environment in the classroom. The student begins to have new responses to presenting in front of the class, as the calming environment evokes relaxation rather than anxiety.
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above

Question 61

Albert Bandura, a social learning theorist, and important figure in behavior therapy, explained that people learn from observed behavior. Bandura labeled this way of learning as __________ .

A)Exemplifying
B)Modeling
C)Demonstration
D)Illustrating

Question 62

Behavior therapy is largely based on the theories of __________, and __________ .

A)Classical conditioning, CBT
B)Operant conditioning, stimuli
C)A and B
D)Classical conditioning, operant conditioning

Question 63

Behavioral therapy is also known as __________ .

A)Behavioral analysis
B)Behavioral challenging
C)Behavioral modification
D)All of the above

Question 64

When asked, Mary is able to tell you that a penguin is a bird, what she had for dinner last night, and describe her previous summer's vacation. In order to give you the correct answers, Mary is utilizing which type of memory?

A)Non-declarative
B)Procedural
C)Conditioning
D)Declarative

Question 65

Julian is having difficulty remembering how to read the treble clef in music notation. His music teacher shows him the following trick: The notes on the lines can be remembered with "Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge" whereas the notes in the spaces can be remembered with "FACE." Julian's music teacher has just taught him:

A)A method for dual coding
B)A mnemonic
C)The Method of Loci
D)How to chunk information

Question 66

Tyler and David are studying for their psychology test. Tyler takes the time to make note cards and think about how the material actually applies to his life. He is able to make connections between material he has previously learned and the new material. David, on the other hand, is reading the textbook and relying on rote memorization. According to the levels of processing theory, who is likely to remember more material?

A)Tyler will remember more.
B)David will remember more.
C)Tyler and David will remember the same amount of material.

Question 67

Hailey wants to increase her chances of doing well on her final exam in physics. She has made flash cards, read all the material, and done all the practice problems. Remembering what she learned in psychology class about context-dependent memory, Hailey decides to study for her final exam in which location?

A)In the library, on the quiet floor
B)In the classroom where she will be taking the exam
C)In the library, on the noisy floor
D)In her room where she can be the most comfortable and relaxed

Question 68

As humans, instead of remembering every detail of an event or a story, which would be very time consuming and effortful, we tend to remember a general picture of what happened. Later, if asked to remember an event or a story, we recall the general picture we created and then fill in the specific details, which may or may not be accurate. This is referred to as what?

A)Autobiographical memory
B)Imagination inflation
C)Recovered memory
D)Constructive memory

Question 69

When asked to draw a picture of a bird, Jason draws a picture of an animal with wings, two legs, a beak, and two eyes perched on a branch. It is not a specific kind of bird, but rather an average blend of what he thinks about when he hears the word "bird." Jason has drawn a:

A)Concept
B)Prototype
C)Category
D)Image

Question 70

Every Friday Tasha buys a $5.00 scratch-off lottery ticket from the gas station. When she began doing this 6 months ago, she was either losing money or breaking even on her investment. However, over the last month, she has won at least $10.00 every week. Tasha now judges the probability of winning this week as very high. Tasha is using what kind of heuristic to predict the likelihood she is going to win this week?

A)Anchoring
B)Familiarity
C)Availability

Question 71

Anecdotal evidence has linked the full phase of the moon with increased hospital admissions, poorer behavior in dementia patients, and suicides. However, a study in the 1990s examined 100 studies on lunar effects and concluded that the phase of the moon has no correlation with increased hospital admissions, poorer behavior in dementia patients, or suicides. Yet many continue to believe that the phase of the moon affects these things. This is an example of:

A)Congruence bias
B)Hindsight bias
C)Confirmation bias
D)Attentional bias

Question 72

In Gestalt principles of perception, the tendency for an object in our environment to stand out against a background is referred to as which of the following?

A)Similarity
B)Figure and ground
C)Depth perception
D)Perceptual set

Question 73

What is one example of why people's memory systems are selective in nature? Choose all that apply.

A)To encourage retention of positive experiences
B)To avoid filling it to capacity with unnecessary information
C)To filter out all the negative memories
D)None of the above

Question 74

Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________ .

A)Inside motivation
B)Interior motivation
C)Intrinsic motivation
D)Idealistic motivation

Question 75

Victor Frankl was an early existentialist therapist, and the founder of logotherapy. Logotherapy asserts that individuals are motivated through the desire to find __________ in life.

A)Stability
B)Meaningful relationships
C)Money
D)Meaning

Question 76

What is extrinsic motivation?

A)Motivation that comes from within
B)Motivation that comes from outside sources
C)Motivation that comes from food
D)None of the above

Question 77

Another way to refer to the cognitive distortion of all-or-nothing thinking is __________ .

A)Black and white thinking
B)Dichotomous analysis
C)Dichotomous reasoning
D)All of the above

Question 78

"My physician didn't call to tell me the test results. She probably has bad news and doesn't want to tell me." is an example of what type of distorted thinking?

A)All or nothing thinking
B)Overgeneralization
C)Mental filter
D)Jumping to conclusions

Question 79

Which is an example of the distorted thinking through emotional reasoning?

A)"I feel stupid, therefore, I am stupid"
B)If I don't get an A+, I am stupid"
C)"He made me feel stupid"
D)"If I don't get an A+, I will never get into college"

Question 80

Cognitive therapy posits numerous ways individuals are distorted in their thinking (cognitive distortions). A common cognitive distortion is catastrophizing. An example of catastrophizing is:

A)Because I woke up late for work, I will lose my job, and end up homeless
B)Because I woke up late for work, there will be a hurricane
C)Because I woke up late for work, I might as well just go back to bed
D)All of the above