Deck 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good dancers.This is an example of

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) social categorization.
D) a stereotype.

Answer 1

a stereotype.

Question 2

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another, is known as

A) racism.
B) implicit racism.
C) modern racism.
D) ambivalent racism.

Answer 2

racism.

Question 3

Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a particular social category is called

A) discrimination.
B) prejudice.
C) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
D) the ingroup homogeneity effect.

Answer 3

prejudice.

Question 4

Jane is from race X, and Jean is from race Y.Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates modern racism?

A) Jane yells racial slurs and spits on Jean who is a stranger.
B) Jane and Jean work together. Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work. For this, Jane gives Jean a more negative evaluation than is deserved.
C) Jane and Jean are on the same athletic team. The social norm of the team is for everyone to be friendly and personable to one another. Jane never talks to Jean.
D) Jane is interviewing Jean as a pianist for her club. Jane is looking for a piano player who will play jazz. Jean plays classical music. Jane doesn't hire Jean for the job.

Question 5

The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition.Put the three major concepts of Chapter 5 in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition.

A) Stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination
B) Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping
C) Discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping
D) Stereotyping, discrimination, prejudice

Question 6

Research by Apfelbaum and colleagues (2008)indicates that when it comes to norms regarding the acknowledgment of race

A) the older Caucasian kids get, the more comfortable they are discussing race.
B) 8- and 9-year-old kids are even more concerned about political correctness than 10- and 11-year-olds.
C) it is not until early adulthood that people start to develop concerns about race-related norms.
D) unlike younger children, older children are sometimes willing to sacrifice task performance for the goal of avoiding uncomfortable race-related conversation.

Question 7

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called

A) modern racism.
B) relative deprivation.
C) illusory correlation.
D) reverse discrimination.

Question 8

Stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination in that stereotypes concern

A) positive feelings about a social group.
B) negative feelings about a social group.
C) positive or negative beliefs about a social group.
D) negative behavior directed at members of a social group.

Question 9

Research by Jennifer Richeson, Nicole Shelton, and colleagues demonstrates that Caucasian individuals who score high on a measure of implicit racism

A) must exert a great deal of cognitive effort in order to avoid prejudice when interacting with African Americans.
B) are usually good at hiding their biases and therefore tend to have comfortable interactions with African Americans.
C) have relatively low levels of amygdala activation when presented with photos of African-American faces.
D) All of these

Question 10

Implicit racism is correlated with _____ for interactions with a minority group member.

A) reduced eye gaze
B) increased eye gaze
C) increased warmth
D) better communication

Question 11

Consider the Implicit Association Test in which people are asked to categorize words as well as Caucasian/African-American names.If you were to design a similar measure to assess implicit associations related to age, and more specifically, implicit negative beliefs about older people, which pattern of results might your IAT produce to indicate such ageism?

A) Participants report that they like younger-sounding names (e.g., Dylan, Carter) more than older-sounding names (e.g., Gladys, Sydney).
B) Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative words with younger-sounding names than vice versa.
C) Participants primed with words related to old age (e.g., "Florida," "Bingo," "wheelchair") internalize stereotypes regarding the elderly and demonstrate slower reaction times to the categorization tasks.
D) Participants are quicker to recognize and categorize photos of young faces than photos of older faces.

Question 12

Research indicates that Caucasian individuals' concern about appearing prejudiced during interracial interactions can

A) lead them to try to avoid such interactions altogether.
B) lead them to sit closer to African-American conversation partners in the effort to make a good impression.
C) lead them to go out of their way to demonstrate how often they think about and notice race-related issues.
D) All of these

Question 13

Which of the following is not discrimination?

A) Believing that baby-faced men are harmless
B) Giving a pink toy to a girl and a blue toy to a boy
C) Signing a petition to keep a minority group out of the neighborhood
D) Hiring a thin candidate rather than an obese one with the same credentials

Question 14

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive.This means that gender stereotypes

A) identify what men and women should be like.
B) can be used to predict when men and women are likely to behave in stereotype-consistent ways.
C) are more accurate than other kinds of stereotypes.
D) are less influenced by cultural standards than other stereotypes.

Question 15

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another, are known as

A) sexism.
B) implicit sexism.
C) hostile sexism.
D) ambivalent sexism.

Question 16

Bonnie dislikes all lawyers.This is an example of

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) social categorization.
D) a stereotype.

Question 17

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club.Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____.

A) discrimination; prejudice
B) stereotyping; discrimination
C) prejudice; stereotyping
D) prejudice; discrimination

Question 18

A metastereotype refers to

A) a person's thoughts about the stereotypes outgroup members might hold about their own group.
B) a stereotype that applies to a large number of outgroups.
C) a stereotype that is positive, rather than negative, in nature.
D) a stereotype that is widely held.

Question 19

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally is called

A) modern racism.
B) implicit racism.
C) benevolent racism.
D) ambivalent racism.

Question 20

A set of beliefs about a group cannot be considered a stereotype if it is

A) positive.
B) negative.
C) true.
D) None of these

Question 21

Negative feelings directed at women's abilities, values, and ability to challenge the power of men are referred to as

A) ambivalent sexism.
B) modern sexism.
C) benevolent sexism.
D) hostile sexism.

Question 22

Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by African Americans in academic settings may be due to

A) a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African Americans.
B) an overemphasis on superordinate goals in instruction.
C) receiving negative feedback based on racist motives.
D) the desegregation that tends to occur even in so-called integrated schools.

Question 23

Which of the following experimental procedures would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be least likely to use?

A) Having women complete a math test
B) Having non-English-speaking students complete a verbal skills test in English
C) Having African Americans complete an athletic task
D) Having individuals with a history of mental illness complete a logical reasoning task

Question 24

Affectionate feelings toward women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as _____ sexism.

A) ambivalent
B) patronizing
C) benevolent
D) hostile

Question 25

Which of the following is a risk for stigmatized targets?

A) Increased risk for short-term mental health problems
B) Increased risk for long-term mental health problems
C) Increased risk for short-term physical health problems
D) Increased risk for long-term physical and mental health problems

Question 26

A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math.Ramya is about to take a diagnostic achievement test in math.According to research on stereotype threat, under which of the following conditions is Ramya most likely to perform poorly on the test?

A) Ramya does not believe that the test is an accurate measure of math ability.
B) Ramya is asked to indicate her gender at the beginning of the test.
C) Ramya does not include math as an important part of her identity.
D) Ramya has been raised in a cave by a mathematical genius and is unaware of the cultural stereotype concerning gender and math.

Question 27

Social categorization leads people to

A) perceive group members more accurately.
B) perceive others as individuals rather than group members.
C) overestimate differences between groups.
D) overestimate differences within groups.

Question 28

All of the following result from social categorization except

A) overestimation of differences between groups.
B) underestimation of differences within groups.
C) increased confidence that differences between groups are biologically based.
D) increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotype.

Question 29

The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of the ingroup is called the

A) minimal group effect.
B) outgroup homogeneity effect.
C) ingroup homogeneity effect.
D) contrast effect.

Question 30

The belief "they're all the same" best epitomizes which of the following concepts?

A) Minimal group effect
B) Outgroup homogeneity effect
C) Ingroup heterogeneity effect
D) Contrast effect

Question 31

Social categorization is advantageous because it

A) leads to more accurate social perception.
B) encourages us to take longer to make judgments about others.
C) frees up cognitive resources.
D) is generally based on realistic assumptions.

Question 32

Tilcsik (2011)sent pairs of resumes in response to 1,800 job postings.The resumes were nearly identical, except that one mentioned the job candidate volunteered for a gay campus organization.The results of this study showed

A) the two resumes were equally likely to receive interview invitations.
B) the resume with gay campus organization experience was 15 percent less likely to receive an interview invitation.
C) the resume with gay campus organization experience was 40 percent less likely to receive an interview invitation.
D) the resume with the gay campus organization experience was 15 percent more likely to receive an interview invitation.

Question 33

In a study by Phelan and colleagues (2008), participants read about male and female candidates for a managerial position.Compared to comparable male candidates, female candidates who emphasized their independence and leadership ability were rated as

A) lower in competence and in social skills.
B) lower in both competence but higher in social skills.
C) higher in competence but lower in social skills.
D) higher in both competence and social skills.

Question 34

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, or devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic is the definition of being

A) subliminally presented.
B) ambivalent.
C) threatened.
D) stigmatized.

Question 35

Stankiewicz and Rosselli (2008)found that about ____ percent of advertisements depicting women featured them as sex objects.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 67
D) 75

Question 36

Groups to which the self belongs are called _____, and groups to which the self does not belong are called _____.

A) ingroups; outgroups
B) social categories; self categories
C) implicit categories; explicit categories
D) self-groups; social-groups

Question 37

Which of the following is an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur?

A) The individual in question must be a member of a minority group.
B) The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group.
C) The individual in question must have below-average ability for the task in question.
D) All of these

Question 38

In their study of sexism in 19 different countries, Glick et al.(2000)found that countries with the greatest degree of political and economic inequality exhibited

A) the highest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
B) the lowest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
C) high levels of hostile sexism but low levels of benevolent sexism.
D) low levels of hostile sexism but high levels of benevolent sexism.

Question 39

Ambivalent sexism consists of _____ elements.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 40

According to research by Crocker and colleagues (1991), African-American students who positive interpersonal feedback from a Caucasian student experienced

A) an increase in level of anger.
B) no change in self-esteem.
C) a reduction in self-esteem.
D) an increase in self-esteem.

Question 41

Hugenberg and Corneille (2009)exposed Caucasian participants to the faces of unfamiliar people.They found that compared to faces of outgroup members, faces of ingroup members were processed more

A) slowly.
B) holistically.
C) sequentially.
D) reluctantly.

Question 42

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into an A team and a B team.These two teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards, such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs.The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that the coach's new arrangement is likely to

A) promote team unity.
B) lead to animosity between the A team and the B team.
C) encourage the development of leadership skills.
D) lead to less vigorous practices.

Question 43

Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that

A) people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.
B) dehumanization of outgroups is typically associated with reactions of greater empathy.
C) only members of the racial majority tend to be aware of cultural associations between racial minority group members and particular animal characteristics.
D) All of these

Question 44

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups is

A) subordinate.
B) superordinate.
C) competitive.
D) a jigsaw.

Question 45

The stereotype content model of Cuddy, Fiske, and colleagues groups stereotypes along the two dimensions of

A) intelligence and morality.
B) competence and warmth.
C) directness and indirectness.
D) dehumanization and impulsivity.

Question 46

System-justifying beliefs are

A) more likely to be held by groups in power.
B) rarely if ever found in collectivist cultures.
C) associated with decreased levels of ingroup/outgroup bias
D) more common among women than men in most cultures.

Question 47

Ingroup members display the outgroup homogeneity effect because

A) ingroups and outgroups always compete for shared resources.
B) they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup.
C) they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group.
D) they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup.

Question 48

Buffy is a member of a sorority.She considers the stereotypes about her sorority to be gross overgeneralizations, but claims that the stereotypes about other sororities seem to have a kernel of truth.Buffy's thinking best illustrates

A) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
B) realistic conflict.
C) reverse discrimination.
D) social-role theory.

Question 49

The results of the Robbers Cave experiment can be extrapolated to suggest that prejudice between groups can be increased when the groups are placed in a situation where

A) they compete against one another.
B) appropriate ways of interacting are unclear.
C) the groups communicate with one another.
D) groups must jointly carry out multiple tasks.

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of a superordinate goal?

A) A girl trying to set a new school record for running the mile
B) Two friends playing tennis against each other
C) A man trying to pick up a woman at a bar
D) Athletes who normally compete against each who are now on the same relay team

Question 51

The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly-and belligerently-compete against each other.The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift between these groups is to

A) allow the youths to date each other.
B) encourage them to "air" their differences.
C) have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts.
D) have each group note the good qualities of the other group.

Question 52

The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that

A) ingroup favoritism is inevitable.
B) group categorization is automatic.
C) prejudice is a function of social class.
D) prejudice can result from intergroup competition.

Question 53

Which of the following does not contribute to the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A) Ingroup members have little information concerning outgroup members.
B) Ingroup members are unlikely to have frequent contact with outgroup members.
C) Ingroup members accurately perceive the lack of diversity within the outgroup.
D) Ingroup members interact with a non-representative sample of outgroup members.

Question 54

Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are least likely to

A) prefer to live in an egalitarian society.
B) strongly identify with their ingroup.
C) want their ingroup to be of higher status than other groups.
D) endorse government policies that oppress outgroups.

Question 55

Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans.Which of the following statements that Charles made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of outgroup homogeneity?

A) "Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries… if you've seen one Yankees fan, you've seen them all."
B) "I knew one Yankees fan who wasn't bad, but his wife was a Red Sox fan, so he doesn't count."
C) "The thing about Yankees fans is that some of them just jump on the bandwagon and root for their team through good times and bad times."
D) "My two favorite teams are the Red Sox and anyone who's playing against the Yankees."

Question 56

Being asked to think about one's mortality tends to

A) decrease ingroup bias.
B) increase ingroup bias.
C) have no impact on ingroup bias.
D) promote intergroup harmony.

Question 57

One conclusion that can be drawn from the Robbers Cave study is that

A) propaganda is not a particularly effective means of eliminating group conflict.
B) imaginary competition does not lead to group conflict.
C) the best way to reduce intergroup conflict is simply to bring group members together under noncompetitive circumstances, even if they do not get the chance to interact with each other.
D) young boys exhibit greater aggressive tendencies than young girls.

Question 58

According to the stereotype content model, migrant farm workers who move to an area with a shortage of farming jobs would likely be viewed as

A) high in warmth and low in competence.
B) low in warmth and high in competence.
C) low in warmth and low in competence.
D) None of these

Question 59

Michigan and Ohio State are rival universities.Students at the two schools only interact when the athletic teams they play for compete against each other.Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment suggests that the students will

A) limit their competition to the playing field and behave cooperatively off the field.
B) only change their negative stereotypes of one another once they have interacted on the playing field.
C) develop positive views of one another and behave in a friendly manner.
D) develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner.

Question 60

Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn't know any cheerleaders personally, but when he sees them at the football games, they are always smiling.Arnold is likely to

A) think about specific cheerleaders rather than the group stereotype.
B) notice the ways in which each cheerleader is unique.
C) be able to distinguish cheerleaders from one another only if they are smiling.
D) think that all cheerleaders are happy.

Question 61

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them.These feelings can best be explained by

A) social-role theory.
B) social identity theory.
C) social categorization theory.
D) realistic conflict theory.

Question 62

Sociocultural factors that influence stereotyping include all of the following except

A) the effects of priming.
B) popular images of groups in the media.
C) group norms.
D) social roles.

Question 63

Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory?

A) Self-esteem is derived from positive ingroup associations.
B) Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism.
C) Expressions of ingroup favoritism tend to increase self-esteem.
D) Self-esteem is increased to the extent that the ingroup is perceived as better than the outgroup.

Question 64

Realistic conflict theory proposes that

A) conflict between groups is a function of interpersonal hostility.
B) intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources.
C) intergroup conflict is largely a function of how realistically groups view one another.
D) realistic groups do not have to worry about intergroup conflict.

Question 65

Fein and Spencer (1997)conducted a study in which participants evaluated a job applicant whom they believed to be either Jewish or Italian.Which of the following statements about this study is false?

A) Participants were more likely to discriminate against the Jewish applicant when they had previously been given negative feedback about their own abilities.
B) Participants who were able to avoid discriminating against the Jewish applicant demonstrated the biggest boost to their own self-esteem.
C) The study was conducted on a campus where negative stereotypes about Jewish women were pervasive.
D) Their results provide supporting evidence for one of the basic predictions of social identity theory.

Question 66

Minimal groups are groups

A) consisting of only two people.
B) that occupy low-status positions in society.
C) based on trivial, often arbitrary, distinctions.
D) with a long history of competition and antagonism.

Question 67

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between competition and prejudice is false?

A) Imagined competition can lead to prejudice just as much as actual competition.
B) The perception that one is not doing as well as outgroup members is sufficient to produce prejudice.
C) Prejudice can result from competitive threat to the ingroup as well as the individual.
D) Superordinate goals help diffuse conflict between children, but not adults.

Question 68

Which of the following has been demonstrated through the use of minimal groups?

A) Competition for limited resources is necessary for ingroup favoritism.
B) Ingroup favoritism will not occur in trivial laboratory groups.
C) Ingroup cohesion is necessary to produce ingroup favoritism.
D) Mere categorization is sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism.

Question 69

According to social-role theory, gender differences in social behavior are the result of

A) the unequal gender-based division of labor.
B) unrealistic expectations about how men and women should behave.
C) biologically based differences in social dominance.
D) the forces of natural selection.

Question 70

Which of the following does not demonstrate the influence of gender stereotypes?

A) Parents see their newborn sons as stronger and more alert than their newborn daughters.
B) Parents underestimate the crawling ability of their infant girls and overestimate that of their infant boys.
C) When a baby boy cries in response to a toy, he is thought to be angry. When a baby girl exhibits the same response, she is thought to be afraid.
D) Newborn boys tend to be taller and weigh more than newborn girls.

Question 71

Latrell is not satisfied with his $5 million annual salary because he feels that other basketball All-Stars are paid far more money.Latrell's dissatisfaction is most likely the result of

A) realistic conflict theory.
B) ingroup favoritism.
C) outgroup homogeneity.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 72

According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism

A) as a way of displacing negative feelings toward the outgroup.
B) as a means of increasing self-esteem.
C) because they expect to be treated unfairly by outgroup members.
D) because intergroup competition demands it.

Question 73

Which of the following best epitomizes the role of socialization in explaining stereotypes?

A) Larry tends to sort objects into groups rather than thinking of each item as unique, and he does the same thing when perceiving other people.
B) Cheryl relies on stereotypes because it saves her cognitive effort and energy.
C) Jeff thinks that all Italians are loud and easily excited because he has heard his father describe them in this manner.
D) Susie responds to threats to her self-esteem by stereotyping other groups to make herself feel better.

Question 74

Zena just learned that she did not get into the college of her choice.She comes upon Alec, a resident of a nearby neighborhood and one that most outsiders find distasteful.It is likely that the news Zena just received will cause her to judge Alec more _____, making her feel _____ about herself.

A) positively; worse
B) negatively; worse
C) positively; better
D) negatively; better

Question 75

According to social-role theory, gender differences that arise from social roles provide a continuing basis for

A) minimal groups.
B) jigsaw classrooms.
C) old-fashioned racism.
D) gender stereotypes.

Question 76

Both Jorge and Jocelyn are applying for two residencies after medical school: orthopedic surgery (a traditionally male-dominated residency)and pediatrics (a traditionally female-dominated residency).If Jorge and Jocelyn have similar academic records, it is likely that

A) Jorge will get more interviews for both types of residencies.
B) Jocelyn will get more interviews for both types of residencies.
C) Jorge will get more orthopedic surgery interviews and Jocelyn will get more pediatric interviews.
D) Jocelyn will get more orthopedic surgery interviews and Jorge will get more pediatric interviews.

Question 77

Gerianne Alexander's (2003)research on children's sex-based preferences for toys indicates that such preferences are due to

A) peer socialization.
B) prenatal exposure to sex hormones.
C) parent socialization.
D) media exposure to stereotypes.

Question 78

Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

A) The conflict over land ownership between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East
B) The conflict between Protestants and the Catholics in Ireland due to religious differences
C) The conflict between Democrats and Republicans regarding U.S. political ideology
D) The conflict between those who support "Pro-Choice" and those who support "Right to Life" on the issue of abortion

Question 79

Cross-cultural research indicates that people from collectivist cultures are ________ likely to boost their self-esteem through overt ingroup bias and ________ likely to draw sharp distinctions between ingroup and outgroup members than are people from individualist cultures.

A) more; more
B) more; less
C) less; more
D) less; less

Question 80

Adelheid was watching a series of commercials in which women were portrayed as having relatively low self-confidence, less independence, and fewer career aspirations than men do.As a result, Adelheid will probably _______ than women who watched commercials portraying women in counter-stereotypical fashion.

A) perform better on a math test
B) perform worse on a math test
C) feel more powerful
D) feel less powerful