Deck 4: Nutrient Types and Energy Processes

Question 1

From the list below, select the two ingredients that contribute to the effectiveness of an energy blend.

A) B vitamins
B) Malic acid
C) Phenylalanine
D) Caffeine
E) Glucuronic acid

Answer 1

B vitamins
Caffeine

Question 2

From the following list, choose all that relate to caffeine. (Check all that apply.)

A) It is a diuretic.
B) It is a psychoactive drug.
C) It is a stimulant.
D) It is a depressant.
E) It influences many metabolic pathways.

Answer 2

It is a psychoactive drug.
It is a stimulant.
It influences many metabolic pathways.

Question 3

You are studying the levels of caffeine found in different plants. From the list, select the plants you could include in your study as caffeine producers. (Check all that apply.)

A) Theobroma
B) Barbados
C) Coffea
D) Lavendula
E) Camellia

Answer 3

Theobroma
Coffea
Camellia

Question 4

From the following list, select all that describe vitamins. (Check all that apply.)

A) Vitamins are inorganic molecules.
B) Vitamins are used in high-energy pathways.
C) Certain vitamins can protect cells from damage.
D) Vitamins can act as suppressants.
E) Certain vitamins act as hormones.

Question 5

You are examining models that represent organs of the digestive system. You are asked to label all the accessory organs. Which of the following would you label? (Check all that apply.)

A) Esophagus
B) Gallbladder
C) Stomach
D) Pancreas
E) Liver

Question 6

Energy nutrients can be found in a variety of foods. From the list below, select the foods that would provide the body with the most protein. (Check all that apply.)

A) Pasta
B) Beans
C) Butter
D) Meat
E) Bread

Question 7

______ is the class of lipids that consists of carbons arranged in a ringlike structure and functions in the plasma membrane and in hormone production.

Question 8

______ are the major structural components of the plasma membrane. They consists of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

Question 9

In a hydrolysis reaction, ______ is added to the polymer to break the bond between the monomers.

Question 10

Polysaccharides are found in the energy nutrient class of ______.

Question 11

Triglycerides are found in the energy nutrient class of ______.

Question 12

______ is found in the chemical bonds of organic compounds, such as fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Question 13

______ energy is energy found in the bonds of ingested nutrients.

Question 14

The ______ law of thermodynamics explains the transfer of solar energy into chemical energy.

Question 15

Chemical, mechanical, and ______ energy are important forms of energy that support life processes.

Question 16

Which is an example of potential energy?

A) An apple of stored energy-rich macromolecules
B) A firefly using light flashes to attract a mate
C) A skier at the bottom of the hill instead of the top of the hill
D) A pile of leaves that have been burned
E) A candle giving off light

Question 17

Which plant structure provides the initial capture of solar energy?

A) Chloroplasts
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosomes
D) Golgi apparatus

Question 18

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

A) CaCO₃
B) C₆H₁₂O₆
C) _NaCl
D) H₂O

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A) Proteins breaking down to form amino acids
B) Glycogen forming glucose molecules
C) Nucleotides forming DNA
D) ATP being used and resulting in an ADP molecule

Question 20

The principal role for simple sugars in living organisms is to __________.

A) form cell membranes
B) serve as a form of long-term energy storage
C) create genetic codes
D) create cellular energy

Question 21

Which of the following best describes proteins?

A) Proteins can be in the form of enzymes used in cellular reactions.
B) Proteins are stable at all temperatures.
C) Proteins always interact with other proteins to form quaternary structures.
D) Extra proteins are stored in the liver and brain.

Question 22

There are four classes of organic nutrients. Which of following correctly characterizes the given energy nutrient?

A) Carbohydrates-provide the body with an immediate source of energy
B) Lipids-structural components of hair, fingernails, and claws
C) Proteins-have three forms: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
D) Carbohydrates-composed of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds
E) Proteins-make up the bulk of the plasma membrane of cells

Question 23

Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?

A) Detoxification
B) Enzymatic activity
C) Genetic coding
D) Energy source

Question 24

Lipids are different from other nutrient classes in that they __________.

A) are not seen in all living things
B) do not have carbon
C) will not combine with water
D) are inorganic

Question 25

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

A) Search out and destroy foreign substances, including viruses and bacteria
B) Transmit hormonal messengers throughout the body
C) Make hemoglobin
D) Absorb nutrients

Question 26

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

A) Storage of excess bile salts
B) Absorption of water
C) Secretion of insulin
D) Production of amylase to break down starches
E) Absorption of amino acids

Question 27

Which of the following is a function of the liver?

A) Absorbs proteins from food in the form of amino acids
B) Detoxifies blood by filtering poisonous substances
C) Produces insulin and glucagon
D) Absorbs water
E) Filters out nitrogenous wastes

Question 28

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

A) They have only a single membrane surrounding them.
B) They have their own genomes.
C) They cannot synthesize proteins.
D) They contain genes that are vastly different compared to bacterial genes.

Question 29

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell?

A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Exocytosis
C) Active transport
D) Feedback inhibition
E) Phagocytosis

Question 30

Which of the following best describes enzymatic activity?

A) Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.
B) Below a certain temperature, an enzyme will become denatured.
C) As the temperature increases, most enzymatic reactions will still proceed at the same rate.
D) Temperature has no impact on enzymatic activity.
E) Enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration decreases.

Question 31

Which of the following is the key feature of glycolysis?

A) Splitting glucose into two pyruvates
B) Generating a large amount of CO₂
C) Producing FADH₂
D) Producing H₂O

Question 32

Which of the following statements is True regarding energy drinks?

A) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) heavily regulates energy drinks.
B) All energy drinks must contain vitamins, food additives, and stimulants, including caffeine.
C) Energy drinks are classified as food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
D) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ensures that claims made by drink manufacturers are verified.
E) Energy drinks claim to increase energy levels, mental awareness, and reduce muscle fatigue.

Question 33

Which of the following best describes how energy drinks work?

A) Energy drinks contain vast amounts of carbohydrates and proteins that enter into cellular respiration pathways, directly providing ATP energy.
B) Energy drinks contain numerous vitamins and minerals that are known to directly act as stimulants.
C) Energy drinks contain vitamins that are known to interact with cellular respiration pathways, helping provide energy.
D) All energy drinks contain caffeine, as it is a known stimulant that increases energy levels.
E) It is the amount of food additives in energy drinks that provides the energy felt.

Question 34

Which of the following is not likely to be found in large quantities in an energy drink?

A) Niacin
B) Amino acids
C) Caffeine
D) Folic acid
E) Fats

Question 35

Vitamins are

A) molecules that assist enzymes in chemical reactions or assist in energy-related pathways.
B) enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions in cells.
C) nutrients that are directly metabolized through cellular respiration pathways, providing energy for the cell.
D) organic nutrients that break down to form energy for the cell.
E) molecules that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions, allowing them to proceed rapidly.

Question 36

Which of the following vitamins is categorized as water-soluble?

A) A
B) B
C) K
D) D
E) E

Question 37

Coenzymes function to

A) change the shape of enzymes, allowing different additional substrates to bind.
B) denature the enzyme, stopping the chemical reaction from occurring.
C) interact directly with enzymes, either enabling the reaction to occur or making the substrate-enzyme interaction more efficient.
D) dilate blood vessels, allowing more blood to flow, allowing more substrate to reach enzymes.
E) absorb excess hydrogen and hydroxide ions, keeping the pH relatively stable, so that reactions can occur most efficiently.

Question 38

Which of the following processes would be most directly impacted from a lack of niacin in the body?

A) The movement of high-energy electrons with the help of NAD+ to the electron transport chain
B) The movement of pyruvate into the mitochondria after glycolysis
C) The movement of acetyl CoA through the citric acid cycle
D) The excretion of proteins from cells

Question 39

Which of the following statements best describes the effects of caffeine on the body?

A) In the brain, caffeine activates receptors for adenosine and blocks the action of adrenaline.
B) Caffeine is only water-soluble, not fat-soluble, so it is less likely to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
C) Caffeine is a diuretic and can cause extreme water loss.
D) Caffeine cannot readily cross the plasma membrane into body cells, so all effects are short-lived.
E) Caffeine is considered a psychoactive drug because it changes brain function.

Question 40

Which of the following is a likely physiological effect of caffeine ingestion?

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Extreme increase in diuretic effects
C) Release of proteins into the bloodstream
D) Decrease in central nervous system activity
E) Decrease in blood glucose levels

Question 41

How does caffeine influence metabolic pathways?

A) Caffeine increases energy generated by cellular respiration pathways by increasing metabolic rates.
B) Caffeine causes the brain to release hormones that result in the storage of fatty acid chains. This process generates energy.
C) Caffeine stimulates pathways that control blood glucose levels, resulting in a decrease in blood glucose.
D) Caffeine stimulates the metabolic pathways that result in excess water production, causing frequent urination.

Question 42

Of the following list of ingredients of an energy drink, which is likely the biggest contributor to the boost of energy felt?

A) Taurine
B) Malic acid
C) Folic acid
D) Caffeine
E) Tyrosine

Question 43

Energy drinks do not contain energy. They contain ______ that interact with the body's metabolic pathway.

A) fats
B) vitamins
C) protein
D) carbohydrates
E) nucleic acids

Question 44

Below are ingredients found in an energy blend of an energy drink. Which of these ingredients aids in digestion of some minerals of the body?

A) Taurine
B) Glucuronic acid
C) Phenylalanine
D) Malic acid
E) Tyrosine

Question 45

While B vitamins can be found in energy drinks, few have folic acid. A person with a folic acid deficiency may have difficulty __________.

A) with the breakdown of lipids
B) staying alert
C) building new cells
D) with responses of the nervous system
E) with the breakdown of carbohydrates

Question 46

Caffeine is __________.

A) water-soluble
B) fat-soluble
C) both water- and fat-soluble
D) neither water- nor fat-soluble

Question 47

By interfering with the neurotransmitter receptor of ______, caffeine reduces drowsiness.

A) dopamine
B) adenosine
C) sodium
D) glutamate
E) serotonin

Question 48

Consuming energy drink in excess can cause an overabundance in B vitamins. One consequence of excess B vitamins is a strain on the __________.

A) lungs
B) kidneys
C) liver
D) stomach
E) heart

Question 49

You are studying the rate of growth of different nut plants. One vitamin of interest is the B vitamin involved in metabolism of glucose. Which B vitamin would you be studying in these plants?

A) B₆
B) B₁
C) Biotin
D) B₁₂

Question 50

Which B vitamin is involved in making acetyl CoA and is readily available in nuts, beans, and green leafy vegetable?

A) B₁
B) Riboflavin
C) Pantothenic acid
D) B₁₂
E) Niacin

Question 51

Which B vitamins are used to manufacture coenzymes?

A) B₆ and biotin
B) Niacin and riboflavin
C) B₁₂ and niacin
D) Pantothenic acid and B₆
E) Niacin and pantothenic acid

Question 52

A patient visits a doctor because the patient is having difficulty metabolizing fats. What vitamin supplement might a physician recommend to help with this disorder?

A) Niacin
B) Biotin
C) Pantothenic acid
D) Riboflavin

Question 53

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the __________.

A) liver
B) gallbladder
C) muscle tissue
D) adipose tissue
E) spleen

Question 54

If you added the following vitamins to a glass of water, which one would float to the top and not dissolve?

A) D
B) C
C) B₁
D) Biotin
E) Niacin

Question 55

A major difference between energy drinks and soft drinks is that soft drinks have ______, which are not found in energy drinks.

A) caffeine
B) potassium
C) carbohydrates
D) niacin
E) sodium

Question 56

Malic acid and glucuronic acid are found in energy drinks. These are examples of __________.

A) vitamins
B) food additives
C) amino acids
D) stimulants
E) depressants

Question 57

Before proteins can enter cellular respiration, they are broken into amino acid, and then _________.

A) phosphorylated
B) hydrated
C) deaminated
D) dephosphorylated
E) dehydrated

Question 58

Cellular respiration is a process that

A) harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.
B) harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of inorganic molecules.
C) uses the kinetic energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.
D) uses the kinetic energy found in the chemical bonds of inorganic molecules.

Question 59

In which of these molecules would you most likely find carboxyl groups?

A) Amino acids only
B) Sugars and amino acids
C) ATP and sugars
D) Amino acids and fatty acids
E) Nucleic acids and ATP

Question 60

Glucose molecules are linked together through dehydration synthesis to form starch. Based on this description, glucose is a __________ and starch is a __________.

A) polymer; monomer
B) monomer; polymer
C) functional group; monomer
D) functional group; polymer

Question 61

Organic molecules contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. How many bonds can form with each carbon atom?

A) One
B) Five
C) Three
D) Four
E) Six

Question 62

Which organic nutrient class consists of monosaccharide monomers?

A) Proteins
B) Nucleic acids
C) Fats
D) Carbohydrates
E) ATP

Question 63

You are observing a protein structure model that has pleated sheets. Which level of protein structure does this represent?

A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Quarternary
E) Quinary

Question 64

The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cell. What process would be used to move a noncharged molecule across the membrane?

A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Diffusion
C) Endocytosis
D) Osmosis
E) Sodium-potassium pump

Question 65

Lipids are broken down by lipase enzymes. In which organ, or accessory organ, of the digestive tract, would lipase be initially provided?

A) Mouth
B) Stomach
C) Small intestines
D) Large intestines
E) Liver

Question 66

In the stomach, ______ denatures proteins and ______ starts the digestion of proteins.

A) NaOH; peptidase
B) HCl; pepsin
C) HCl; peptidase
D) NaCl; peptidase
E) NaCl; pepsin

Question 67

Digestion of energy nutrients requires specific enzymes for each molecule. Which of the following enzymes is incorrectly matched with its corresponding molecule?

A) Fats-lipase
B) Lactose-lactase
C) Starch-amylase
D) Sucrose-maltase

Question 68

In the process of feedback inhibition the end product binds to the ______ to block the biochemical pathway.

A) allosteric site of the first enzyme
B) active site of the last enzyme
C) allosteric sites of all the enzymes
D) active sites of all the enzymes
E) allosteric and active sites of the first enzyme

Question 69

Like all nutrient class, carbohydrates are broken down at multiple points throughout digestion. In the small intestines,

A) monosaccharides and disaccharides are absorbed.
B) fiber bulks to form feces.
C) fiber is used by some bacteria.
D) starch breakdown ends with the increase of pH causing amylase denaturing.

Question 70

Enzymes catalyze a chemical reaction by

A) decreasing the amount of ATP required to activate a reaction.
B) increasing the amount of ATP required to activate a reaction.
C) slowing down the reaction to obtain more products.
D) increasing the reaction to obtain more products.
E) decreasing the amount of ATP required and obtaining more products.

Question 71

Enzymes are __________.

A) triglycerides
B) proteins
C) monosaccharides
D) disaccharides
E) cholesterols

Question 72

In a biochemical reaction, the energy of activation is the amount of energy

A) stored in the bonds of the reactants.
B) stored in the bonds of the products.
C) required to start a reaction.
D) required to complete a reaction.
E) released throughout the reaction.

Question 73

In the small intestines, the role of the lacteals is to absorb __________.

A) oxygen
B) water-soluble nutrients
C) fat-soluble nutrients
D) undigested nutrients

Question 74

In the digestive system, which major organ starts the breakdown of proteins?

A) Mouth
B) Esophagus
C) Stomach
D) Small intestines
E) Large intestines

Question 75

Which of the following would you find in a healthy diet and in energy drinks?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Vitamins
C) Lipids
D) Proteins
E) All of these would be found in a healthy diet and in energy drinks.

Question 76

Disaccharides are carbohydrates that contain two monosaccharides linked together. Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

A) Glucose
B) Sucrose
C) Starch
D) Fructose
E) Glycogen

Question 77

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins have high amounts of potential energy. Where is the potential energy found in these energy nutrient classes?

A) Between the carbon-carbon bonds
B) Between the carbon-oxygen bonds
C) Between the oxygen-hydrogen bonds
D) Between the carbon-hydrogen bonds
E) The potential energy is equal for all the bonds listed.

Question 78

All major classes of energy nutrients have potential energy. Because of the structure of the energy nutrient in it, which food source would provide quick access to energy?

A) Bread
B) Oils
C) Butter
D) Milk

Question 79

Monomers are linked together by removing a ______ from one monomer, and a ______ from another monomer.

A) hydroxyl group; hydrogen
B) hydroxyl group; hydroxyl group
C) carboxyl group; hydrogen
D) carboxyl group; phosphate
E) hydroxyl group; carboxyl group

Question 80

At the cellular level, solar energy is harvested in the __________.

A) mitochondrion
B) chloroplast
C) plasma membrane
D) golgi apparatus
E) ribosomes