Deck 15: Sleep and Consciousness

Question 1

The behaviorists objected to introspection as a research technique because ______.

A) it required too much training to produce accurate results
B) it was too subjective
C) it could only be used to study sleep
D) it relied only on outwardly, observable behavior

Answer 1

it was too subjective

Question 2

Which of the following has continued to be a barrier to modern neuroscientists studying consciousness?

A) the belief that the problem of consciousness is too big to tackle
B) the continued focus of psychology on only outwardly observable behavior
C) the lack of objectivity in modern methods for studying sleep
D) the belief that consciousness is an issue for biology rather than psychology

Answer 2

the belief that the problem of consciousness is too big to tackle

Question 3

Which of the following supports the restorative hypothesis of sleep?

A) A hummingbird, which has a very fast metabolism, sleeps for more hours per day than a buffalo, which has a slow metabolism.
B) A hummingbird, which has a very fast metabolism, sleeps for fewer hours per day than a buffalo, which has a slow metabolism.
C) A rabbit, which is prey, sleeps for more hours per day than a bear, which is a predator.
D) A rabbit, which is prey, sleeps for fewer hours per day than a bear, which is a predator.

Answer 3

A hummingbird, which has a very fast metabolism, sleeps for more hours per day than a buffalo, which has a slow metabolism.

Question 4

An interesting new theory for sleep claims that CSF circulation increases during sleep to do what?

A) circulate learning proteins to the cortex
B) heat the brain during sleep
C) cool the brain during sleep
D) remove toxins from the brain during sleep

Question 5

Based on what is known about the function of sleep, which of the following individuals is most likely to show impaired alertness during their waking hours?

A) Carol, who works from midnight until 8:30 a.m. Monday-Friday and has weekends off
B) Jose, whose job requires him to travel back and forth during the day from New York to Pennsylvania
C) Tamara, who drives a delivery truck from 6:00 a.m. until 2:00 p.m. Monday-Friday
D) Jordan, who works as a DJ 7 days a week from 8:00 p.m. until 2:30 a.m.

Question 6

Jet lag is most severe when traveling from ______.

A) north to south
B) south to north
C) east to west
D) west to east

Question 7

In sleep deprivation studies, what is the pattern of performance?

A) performance declines at night and shows some recovery during the next day
B) performance declines and night and continues until the next sleep period
C) performance increases during the night but declines during the next day
D) performance increases during the night and continues until exhaustion is reached

Question 8

During Arial's brain surgery, the suprachiasmatic nucleus was damaged. Afterward, she probably experienced ________.

A) depression
B) insatiable appetite
C) fluctuations in body temperature
D) memory disruptions

Question 9

Melatonin is ______.

A) a hormone that induces sleep
B) a hormone that inhibits sleep
C) A hormone that is released in lower quantities following exposure to darkness
D) ineffective in people who are partially blind

Question 10

Although many blind individuals have difficulty maintaining circadian rhythms, some are able to do so through ______.

A) light detection by rods and cones
B) signals sent from rods to the retinohypothalamic pathway
C) ganglion cells that contain melanopsin
D) use of artificial light as a zeitgeber

Question 11

Which of the following is true about internal clocks?

A) Clocks involved in heart activity are not entrained by the SCN.
B) There are clocks outside the brain that control the activities of the body's organs.
C) The SCN is the only internal clock in the human body.
D) The internal clock consists of thousands of genes.

Question 12

Valeria has been blind since birth. She cannot see objects or light, but she is able to maintain a 24-hour circadian rhythm like other people. What part of Valeria's circadian system allows her to maintain her circadian rhythm?

A) rods
B) cones
C) melanopsin
D) occipital lobe

Question 13

Which of the following provides support for the idea that the afternoon decrease in alertness experienced by people is a result of an ultradian rhythm?

A) This decrease in afternoon alertness occurs in night-shift workers as well as daytime workers.
B) This decrease in afternoon alertness lasts for more than 2 hours.
C) This decrease in afternoon alertness is still seen in people who skip lunch.
D) This decrease in afternoon alertness can be corrected with bright light exposure.

Question 14

The "basic rest and activity cycle" discussed in your book ______.

A) is demonstrated by the variations in EEG activity
B) is approximately 4 hours long
C) is absent in blind individuals
D) includes changes in body temperature

Question 15

Based on what is known about body rhythms, you can maximize your ability to pay attention while studying by taking a break approximately every ______ minutes.

A) 30
B) 60
C) 90
D) 180

Question 16

Emma is awake, but she has been drinking a cup of herbal tea and is feeling calm and relaxed. What type of activity would you expect to see if she underwent an EEG at this time?

A) theta waves
B) delta waves
C) beta waves
D) alpha waves

Question 17

When an individual is awake but relaxed, ______.

A) brain waves are desynchronized because activity in different areas of the brain falls into different rhythms
B) brain waves are synchronized because activity in different areas of the brain falls into similar patterns
C) brain waves consist of very consistent spikes, since there are periods of spontaneous neural firings anytime a person is awake
D) the EEG is characterized by fast, irregular brain waves

Question 18

Stage 4 sleep is also known as ______ sleep.

A) stage 3
B) slow-wave
C) dream-free
D) REM

Question 19

Evan is 5 years old, and he has been experiencing night terrors and wetting his bed. What stage of wakefulness is he in at the time these events have occurred?

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 3
D) awake relaxation

Question 20

Aisha has been asleep for almost 2 hours. Initially she was calm, she experienced a period of sleep where she was tossing and turning, and now she has reached a point in sleep where her body is still and her brain shows a high amount of activity. Aisha is most likely experiencing ______ sleep.

A) REM
B) slow-wave
C) stage 2
D) stage 1

Question 21

Deion was dreaming about going to a party with his roommates. In his dream, he could see the faces of his friends as he was dancing. What part of Deion's brain was probably active during this dream?

A) Wernicke's area
B) Broca's area
C) right posterior parietal cortex
D) fusiform face area

Question 22

Daria drank an extra-large Coke and lay down for a short nap. When she woke up, she began working on her calculus assignment and noticed that she felt ______.

A) tired
B) alert
C) focused
D) challenged by the difficulty of her work

Question 23

Which of the following provided support for the idea that slow-wave sleep quantity is partly related to brain temperature?

A) Decreasing body temperature while exercising by spraying with water decreased slow-wave sleep quantity.
B) Decreases in slow-wave sleep are associated with impaired vigilance.
C) Caffeine intake results in reduced slow-wave sleep.
D) Heating the head with a hair dryer increased slow-wave sleep.

Question 24

Which of the following is true of brain activity seen during REM sleep?

A) Replay of brain activity from earlier learning is synchronized with delta waves in the hippocampus.
B) Replay of brain activity from earlier learning is synchronized with 3-7 Hz hypothalamus activity.
C) Replay of brain activity from earlier learning is synchronized with 3-7 Hz hippocampal activity.
D) Replay of brain activity from earlier learning is of a higher frequency.

Question 25

Which learning process is likely reflected in the shift out of phase with theta activity during REM sleep that is seen 4-7 days following a learning event?

A) consolidation of memories
B) long-term potentiation
C) long-term depression
D) aging

Question 26

Noah has been trying to learn German for an upcoming trip. He began intensively studying German vocabulary last week. What is likely to be occurring in his brain while he sleeps tonight?

A) He will be experiencing exclusively REM sleep.
B) He will be experiencing long-term potentiation in his hippocampus.
C) He will be consolidating memories of German words.
D) He will be removing inaccurate memories of German words.

Question 27

You have a big exam tomorrow and have been studying for the last few hours. Based on what is known about sleep and memory, what you should do to be most successful on the exam?

A) Stay up all night to fit in the most possible study time before the exam.
B) Continue studying, but leave enough time for a 30-minute nap before the exam.
C) Build an electronic stimulator to electrically stimulate your hippocampus and suppress ripples while you sleep.
D) Be sure to sleep for at least 90 minutes between now and the exam.

Question 28

Evidence that has supported the Synaptic Homeostasis Hypothesis has shown that during sleep, ______ occurred at small, unstable synapses but not at stronger synapses.

A) pruning
B) strengthening
C) long-term potentiation
D) bursts

Question 29

Which of the following is true about the neural control of waking?

A) The cortex must begin the waking process and send signals to lower brain areas that are involved in arousal.
B) The brain stem must begin the waking process and send signals to higher brain areas that are involved in arousal.
C) The midbrain, by itself, controls the waking process.
D) There are arousal centers in both the brain stem and the forebrain that coordinate waking with other brain areas.

Question 30

Which of the following brain areas receives signals from both branches of the arousal pathway from the brain stem arousal centers?

A) lateral amygdala
B) thalamus
C) basal ganglia
D) lateral hypothalamus

Question 31

Which of the following is true regarding PGO waves?

A) They begin about 90 minutes prior to REM.
B) They travel from the pons, through the lateral geniculate nucleus, to the occipital lobe.
C) They travel from the pons, through the medial geniculate nucleus, to the orexin-releasing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.
D) They are likely responsible for dreaming in non-REM sleep.

Question 32

Emma has been asleep for over an hour and is now experiencing a vivid dream. Her body is paralyzed, but she feels as though she is walking through a dense forest, where she sees brightly colored birds. What would you most expect to observe in Emma's brain during this period?

A) firing of neurons in the locus coeruleus
B) firing of neurons in the raphe nucleus
C) firing of neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus
D) PGO waves

Question 33

Emma has been asleep for nearly two hours, and she is shifting from a period of vivid dreaming to a stage of dreams with less imagery. Which portion of the brain initiated this switch in her sleep cycle?

A) PGO wave
B) basal forebrain
C) lateral hypothalamus
D) sublaterodorsal nucleus of pons

Question 34

Lesions to the ______ have resulted in cats acting out their REM dreams, as they lacked the atonia typically seen in this phase of sleep.

A) parafacial zone of the medulla
B) ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
C) sublaterodorsal nucleus of pons
D) forebrain arousal center

Question 35

Which of the following is true about insomnia?

A) It is worse for your health than sleeping too much.
B) It mainly results from a person failing to fall asleep at night rather than waking throughout the night.
C) It has been linked to health conditions such as obesity.
D) It has been associated with higher leptin and lower ghrelin levels.

Question 36

A gene in the human leukocyte antigen family has been linked to an increased risk of which sleep disorder?

A) insomnia
B) sleepwalking
C) sexsomnia
D) sleep-related eating disorder

Question 37

Kevin does not experience sleepiness, but he has awoken several times to discover that he had masturbated while asleep. Kevin has no other psychological or medical conditions, but he does smoke marijuana regularly. Which sleep disorder does Kevin likely have?

A) narcolepsy
B) insomnia
C) cataplexy
D) sexsomnia

Question 38

Which of the following demonstrates an environmental influence on risk for developing narcolepsy?

A) People with a specific allele of the HLA gene are more likely to have narcolepsy than those without this allele.
B) Having an identical twin with narcolepsy is associated with an increased risk of developing narcolepsy.
C) Narcolepsy rates increased threefold in China after an outbreak of H1N1.
D) Dogs with a mutated orexin receptor gene are more likely than other dogs to be narcoleptic.

Question 39

Which sleep disorder appears to result from the development of Lewy bodies in the medulla?

A) narcolepsy
B) REM sleep behavior disorder
C) cataplexy
D) insomnia

Question 40

John's wife has recently required him to see a doctor about his sleep because he has been moving around while asleep and even dragged her out of bed one night. Which sleep disorder is John most likely experiencing?

A) narcolepsy
B) insomnia
C) REM sleep behavior disorder
D) lucid dreaming

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of lucid dreamers?

A) They control the content of their dreams.
B) They do not experience atonia.
C) They experience cataplexy.
D) They lose consciousness during sleep.

Question 42

In her dream, a monkey ran up to Carla and stole her purse. Carla focused on the monkey and was able to chase after the monkey to retrieve her purse. Carla knew during this exchange that she was asleep and that she could do as she pleased during the dream. What was Carla experiencing?

A) cataplexy
B) narcolepsy
C) REM sleep behavior disorder
D) lucid dreaming

Question 43

Which of the following has led scientists to question whether people lose consciousness during sleep?

A) atonia
B) lucid dreaming
C) REM sleep behavior disorder
D) sleep paralysis

Question 44

Which of the following people would be considered to be experiencing the lowest level of consciousness?

A) Alexa, who is in a cycle of REM sleep
B) Kevin, who is daydreaming
C) Jared, who is watching television
D) Karri, who is anesthetized and undergoing surgery on her foot

Question 45

Why have scientists avoided studies of consciousness until recently?

A) Awareness has not been considered important for understanding behavior.
B) Consciousness was considered to be unobservable.
C) Consciousness could only be considered as a state.
D) Consciousness could only be considered to be a level of awareness.

Question 46

Which of the following is a method by which scientists can determine brain structures involved in consciousness?

A) by looking for damaged brain areas in people who have lost consciousness
B) by asking people who have recovered from comas to describe their unconscious experiences
C) by performing brain imaging studies on people who are asleep
D) by damaging structures in the brains of rats to create comas

Question 47

What role does the thalamus appear to play in consciousness?

A) The thalamus is the likely "consciousness center."
B) The intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus help coordinate activity with the cortex, contributing to conscious experience.
C) The intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus help stimulate the rostral dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, which inhibits the salience network.
D) The medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus produce arousal, which is part of consciousness.

Question 48

Lesions to the ______ have been strongly correlated with loss of consciousness in veterans with head injuries.

A) rostral dorsolateral pontine tegmentum
B) anterior cingulate
C) anterior insular cortex
D) intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus

Question 49

The ______ is a cortical brain area that coordinates brain activity with brain stem and subcortical areas in order to generate conscious experience.

A) rostral dorsolateral pontine tegmentum
B) intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
C) anterior insular cortex
D) brain stem

Question 50

Which of the following brain structures is part of the salience network in the brain?

A) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
B) intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
C) rostral dorsolateral pontine tegmentum
D) anterior cingulate

Question 51

Which of the following neural networks helps activate other networks to focus attention appropriately on stimuli from our surroundings?

A) salience network
B) default mode network
C) central executive network
D) waking network

Question 52

Which of the following is true about the central executive network?

A) Principal structures include the anterior insular cortex.
B) It is active when the brain is in a wakeful rest state.
C) It is oriented to goals and tasks.
D) It is responsible for switching between other networks in the brain.

Question 53

Katie is in an alert state. She just heard a crashing noise in the back of her apartment and is preparing to investigate the source. Which network is most likely active in Katie's brain?

A) waking network
B) default mode network
C) REM sleep network
D) central executive network

Question 54

After hearing a loud noise in her apartment, Katie was in an alert state. When she entered her bedroom, she was relieved to see that her cat had knocked some books onto the floor. Which brain area would have been actively involved in Katie's conscious awareness of her cat?

A) primary visual cortex
B) primary auditory cortex
C) parietal cortex
D) pons

Question 55

Which brain waves between the thalamus and cortex appear necessary for coordinated brain activity that contributes to consciousness?

A) delta waves
B) theta oscillations
C) gamma oscillations
D) alpha waves

Question 56

What is one reason why scientists have proposed that the claustrum could be the executive brain area for consciousness?

A) The claustrum is densely connected with sensory, motor, and limbic areas.
B) The claustrum is located in the neocortex.
C) The claustrum synchronizes its activity with the prefrontal lobe via gamma oscillations.
D) Lesions of the claustrum result in brain death.

Question 57

Which brain network has been proposed to specifically control the awareness we experience during consciousness?

A) default mode network
B) waking network
C) prefrontal-parietal network
D) salience network

Question 58

Synchronization of neural activity in the gamma range is important for the process of ____.

A) vision
B) sleep
C) waking
D) binding

Question 59

Which of the following results from damage to the prefrontal-parietal network?

A) trouble focusing attention on a stimulus
B) trouble binding different parts of a sensory stimulus
C) trouble tracking a visual stimulus
D) trouble waking from sleep

Question 60

At the level of processing of the ______ cortex, a person is not consciously aware of things that they see.

A) visual
B) lateral prefrontal
C) posterior parietal
D) association

Question 61

Which of the following is one way that scientists study awareness in consciousness?

A) monitoring the brain activity of comatose rats
B) identifying what occurs in the brain when someone studies a list of words for five minutes
C) identifying differences in brain activity when words are flashed briefly and either consciously accessible to a participant or not consciously accessible
D) asking participants to verbally report what they notice about a list of words

Question 62

Awareness involves ______.

A) synchronization of brain activity
B) integration of conscious and unconscious events
C) decoupling cortical and subcortical brain activity
D) brain wave activity in the alpha frequency range

Question 63

Which of the following patterns of brain activity would indicate that a person was aware of a visual stimulus?

A) gamma activity in the occipital lobe
B) gamma activity in the visual cortex
C) alpha activity across the entire neocortex
D) synchronized activity across the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes

Question 64

Which of the following is an illustration of the finding that we are not always aware of much of our behavior?

A) the ability of blind people to determine if a light is on or off when they do not report seeing the light
B) the ability of brain-damaged patients to improve only on tasks that they remember completing
C) the use of memory to define words while reading
D) the ability to recognize words in a language that you have never heard before

Question 65

In a study, George consistently rated people as untrustworthy if they had bushy eyebrows in a presented photograph. At the end of the study, George told the researchers that he rated all people the same in trustworthiness. What is the most likely explanation for the inconsistency in George's behavior?

A) George has forgotten how he rated people in the study.
B) George is not aware of the fact that he rated people differently.
C) George is lying to the researchers.
D) George cannot remember faces.

Question 66

Fernando is watching the red Ferrari as it leads the race. If we had a PET scan of his brain during this time, we would most likely see ______.

A) the entire occipital lobe highly activated
B) area V4 active when he was searching for the red car and area V5 active when he was attending to the speed of the car
C) area V5 active when he was searching for the red car and area V4 active when he was attending to the speed of the car
D) only one area of the occipital lobe active regardless of which aspect of the car he was attending to

Question 67

Which of the following patterns of brain activity would indicate that a person was actively attending to something?

A) synchronized brain activity between brain areas used for the stimulus
B) desynchronized brain activity between cortical and subcortical areas
C) gamma waves in the occipital lobe
D) PGO waves

Question 68

Which of the following subcortical brain areas is important for attention to important sensory stimuli and ignoring irrelevant sensory stimuli?

A) occipital lobe
B) pons
C) thalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 69

Which of the following is one way that scientists study the role of the anterior cingulate in attention?

A) by experimentally damaging this brain structure and looking for postsurgical impairments
B) by assessing the functioning of this structure when undergoing surgery for obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) by activating this structure using an experimental drug
D) by measuring the functioning of this structure while participants are asleep

Question 70

Carolyn is playing the photo hunt video game, which requires her to examine two versions of a picture and identify the differences between the two versions. Which part of Carolyn's brain likely helps her attend to the differences and ignore the similarities between the pictures?

A) temporal lobe
B) anterior cingulate cortex
C) amygdala
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 71

The sense of self includes which of the following?

A) an understanding of why we exist
B) a sense of purpose in the world
C) a sense of agency
D) a belief that all life is similar

Question 72

Elmer is 80 years old and has been diagnosed with dementia. When Elmer sees his reflection in a mirror or window, he no longer recognizes himself and instead starts yelling at the man in the mirror. Which part of consciousness appears to be disrupted in Elmer?

A) awareness
B) attention
C) default mode network
D) sense of self

Question 73

Which of the following is true about the sense of agency?

A) It is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self as the source of an action.
B) It is what we refer to as "I."
C) It is disrupted only with brain damage to an entire cerebral hemisphere.
D) It is found in monkeys.

Question 74

Juan is undergoing an fMRI as part of a research study. If Juan is shown and recognizes a picture of himself, which portion of his brain would you expect to see increase in activity?

A) thalamus
B) insula
C) right posterior parietal cortex
D) V5

Question 75

Lucia is applying for graduate school. As she is writing her personal statement describing her past accomplishments, which part of her brain would you expect to see increase in activity?

A) inferior parietal area
B) angular gyrus
C) hypothalamus
D) medial parietal cortex

Question 76

Damage to which part of the brain would be most likely to result in an impaired ability to evaluate yourself, such as describing yourself using adjectives?

A) medial prefrontal cortex
B) insula
C) angular gyrus
D) medial temporal area

Question 77

Which of the following brain areas is important to the sense of agency, which may be disrupted in schizophrenia?

A) inferior parietal area
B) anterior cingulate cortex
C) posterior cingulate cortex
D) hippocampus

Question 78

Which of the following is true about the sense of self?

A) The self is located in the anterior cingulate cortex.
B) The self is a localizable entity.
C) The self includes body image, memory, and mirror neurons.
D) The self is not impacted by disorders such as dissociative personality disorder.

Question 79

Following a stroke, Tamara refused to accept her left arm as her own. She repeatedly asked her doctors to cut it off since it obviously belonged to another person. What part of the brain was damaged in Tamara's stroke that could explain her behavior?

A) anterior cingulate cortex
B) posterior part of the insula
C) somatosensory cortex
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 80

Which portion of the sense of self is most likely to be disrupted in patients who have experienced an amputation?

A) memory
B) mirror neurons
C) body image
D) sense of agency