Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

What is the annual cost attributed to the treatment of mental illnesses and the relative loss of income in the United States?

A) $317 billion
B) $467 billion
C) $1 trillion
D) $2.5 trillion

Answer 1

$467 billion

Question 2

Which of the following is considered to be a benefit of research on mental disorders?

A) improvements in therapeutic techniques
B) determination of exactly how many people suffer with mental illness
C) reductions in the number of people who develop a mental illness
D) early preventative measures for those who are vulnerable

Answer 2

improvements in therapeutic techniques

Question 3

What framework is used to assess whether an individual meets criteria to be diagnosed with a mental disorder?

A) the APA manual
B) the DSM-IV-Revised
C) the DSM-5
D) the DSM-5-Revised

Answer 3

the DSM-5

Question 4

The majority of the economic burden of schizophrenia has been attributed to ______.

A) health care
B) unemployment
C) caregiving
D) family support

Question 5

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Researchers are encouraged to shift their focus from the underlying neural causes of schizophrenia to creating diagnostic categories.
B) Schizophrenic patients can often show symptoms indicative of multiple categories.
C) While two schizophrenic patients may show the same symptom, there can be different causes of that symptom.
D) While two schizophrenic patients may have the same neural defect, they can portray different symptoms.

Question 6

When were the earliest reported case of a disorder with psychotic-like symptoms?

A) 20 years ago
B) 100 years ago
C) 4,000 years ago
D) 100,000 years ago

Question 7

All of the following most likely account for the discordance rate of schizophrenia among twins EXCEPT ______.

A) epigenetic modifications
B) prenatal malnutrition
C) prenatal exposure to influenza
D) identical genomes

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an example of external environmental challenges for the onset of schizophrenia?

A) poor nutrition
B) job difficulties
C) bereavement
D) divorce

Question 9

Positive schizophrenic symptoms include ______ and can be characterized as ______.

A) delusions; behavioral excesses
B) flat affect; neurotic behaviors
C) impaired attention; psychotic breaks
D) impaired social interactions; behavioral deficits

Question 10

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include ______ and can be characterized as ______.

A) thought disorders; neurotic behaviors
B) inability to experience pleasure; behavioral deficits
C) hallucinations; behavioral excesses
D) delusions; psychotic breaks

Question 11

If Albert Einstein truly had schizophrenia characterized by positive symptoms, which of the following would NOT be true?

A) He would have had some form of intellectual impairment.
B) He would have responded to antidopaminergic drugs.
C) He would have had more D₂ receptors than normal.
D) He could have had conversations with imaginary individuals.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the aberrant salience hypothesis is FALSE?

A) Increased dopamine levels increase attentional processes in schizophrenia.
B) Increased dopamine levels increase motivational processes in schizophrenia.
C) Increased dopamine levels trigger negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) Increased dopamine levels cause ordinary stimuli in the environment to be perceived as salient.

Question 13

Which of the following is FALSE regarding schizophrenic patients who do not respond to the typical dopamine blocking drugs?

A) Some showed just as much dopamine blockage as responsive patients.
B) Some showed over 90% dopamine blockage compared to responsive patients.
C) Some showed significantly lower levels of dopamine blockage compared to responsive patients.
D) Some showed a deficit in dopamine levels.

Question 14

What is the neurophysiological basis for the glutamate theory?

A) Reduced glutamate blocks receptors for serotonin and norepinephrine, triggering anxiety and hallucinations.
B) Hyperactive NMDA activity stimulates formation of abnormal connections within the brain.
C) Reduced NMDA activity triggers increase in glutamate and subsequent reductions in dopamine.
D) Disordered connectivity between the frontal and parietal lobe blocks the release of glutamate, rendering the negative feedback systems of the limbic system inoperative.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of an anticholinergic side effect of an FGA used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia?

A) impaired movement
B) dry mouth
C) tardive dyskinesia
D) low blood pressure

Question 16

Which neurotransmitter circuit is implicated in the extrapyramidal effects of FGA drugs used to treat schizophrenia?

A) dopamine
B) glutamate
C) acetylcholine
D) serotonin

Question 17

Which of the following statements is TRUE about SGA drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia?

A) They include drugs such as Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol.
B) They can cause weight loss.
C) They are more effective in reducing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) Although rare, they can cause life-threatening side effects.

Question 18

Many individuals with schizophrenia show impaired ability in which task?

A) Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
B) Nevada Pain Avoidance Task
C) St. Louis Pashmina Task
D) Virtual Reality Hallucination Task

Question 19

In a test in which individuals are required to change strategies midstream based on changes in criteria in performing the task, schizophrenic patients show ______.

A) increased activation in the prefrontal cortex
B) decreased activation in the temporal lobes
C) decreased activation in the prefrontal cortex
D) no difference in activation in the prefrontal and temporal areas, compared to healthy controls

Question 20

Which part of the prefrontal cortex, when damaged, shows effects similar to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A) the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
B) the superior part of the prefrontal cortex
C) the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D) the inferior part of the prefrontal cortex

Question 21

Decreased coordination and communication between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of individuals with schizophrenia are partly due to ______.

A) reductions in myelinated axons
B) decreases in serotonin productivity
C) reductions in glia cells
D) decreases in myelinated cell bodies

Question 22

Which of the following imaging techniques is BEST suited for observing the quality of neural connections in the schizophrenic brain?

A) diffusion tensor imaging
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging
C) positron emission tomography
D) electroencephalogram

Question 23

Joe claims that he sees elves. If we put him in an fMRI during one of his experiences, where an elf danced in front of him, what would we see in the fMRI scan?

A) heightened activity in the prefrontal cortex
B) decreased activity in the parietal lobes
C) increased activity in the occipital lobes
D) reduced activity in the temporal lobes

Question 24

A multimillion-dollar longitudinal study, called PRISM, is being conducted in schizophrenics and those diagnosed with other neurological disorders to determine ______.

A) the psychosocial roots of social withdrawal
B) the environmental causes of social withdrawal
C) the cognitive processes involved in social withdrawal
D) the biological mechanisms of social withdrawal

Question 25

Why have there been criticisms of research showing an association between schizophrenia and brain damage prior to the onset of the symptoms?

A) Reports rely on the memories of relatives and patients about details of the injury.
B) The samples used in these studies included too few men to generalize well.
C) There is a failure to control adequately for substance use in these reports.
D) Reports do not take into account damage to brain areas associated with other disorders.

Question 26

Although recent studies have found that head injuries occurring between the ages of 11 and 14 increase the risk for schizophrenia by 65%, what was a noted limitation to this finding?

A) There is a possible confounding effect of the emotional stress caused by the head injury.
B) The sample size was too small to make a strong conclusion.
C) Factors such as risk for comorbid psychological disorders were not properly controlled for.
D) Genetic vulnerability was not taken into account.

Question 27

Viral infections during the ______ months of pregnancy are associated with schizophrenia.

A) first through third
B) fourth through sixth
C) seventh through ninth
D) second through ninth

Question 28

Which of the following is a reported reason as to why adolescence is a particularly significant period in the development of schizophrenia?

A) Hormonal changes occur.
B) Substance use typically begins in this period.
C) Sexual activity begins during this time, which can increase stress levels.
D) Frontal myelination is occurring during this period.

Question 29

With major depressive disorder, ______.

A) exposure to stress is a major and necessary factor
B) it always consists of decreased physical activity
C) it generally appears after midlife
D) the individual can become agitated or restless

Question 30

In ______, a person alternates between depression and either mania or hypomania.

A) schizophrenia
B) major depressive disorder
C) unipolar depressive disorder
D) bipolar disorder

Question 31

Based on the symptoms associated with bipolar I disorder, it is considered a bridge between which two disorders?

A) depression and schizophrenia
B) depression and hypomania
C) anxiety and paranoia
D) paranoia and mania

Question 32

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the affective disorders?

A) Bipolar disorder occurs equally in men and women at a rate of 2%.
B) The rate of MDD increases with age for men.
C) The rate of MDD decreases with age for women.
D) The greatest risk for bipolar disorder occurs during adolescence.

Question 33

The estimated annual financial cost of the mood disorders in the United States is between ______ and ______ billion dollars.

A) 34; 291
B) 15; 30
C) 17; 100
D) 24; 234

Question 34

According to several studies, the heritability for depression is about ______ in men and ______ in women.

A) 13%; 37%
B) 25%; 45%
C) 29%; 42%
D) 69%; 20%

Question 35

The genes responsible for affective disorders are frequently sex specific. What does this help explain?

A) Fewer genes are found in women than men linked to affective disorders, explaining the higher rate of women affected by affective disorder.
B) Women tend to have higher rates of suicide than men.
C) Risk factors are correlated to different locations on chromosomes for men and women.
D) none of these

Question 36

The high concordance rate for affective disorders in identical twins drops only slightly when they are reared apart, suggesting that ______.

A) there is little to no environmental influence
B) the most important environmental influences occur during the prenatal period
C) when one twin is diagnosed, the other twin will be diagnosed at some point in their life
D) environmental influence is not important

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT true about the genes implicated in affective disorders?

A) The short allele for the serotonin transporter shows exaggerated responses to fearful facial expressions.
B) The VAL66MET gene for BDNF increases the risk of depression.
C) Dysregulation of the immune system is correlated with depressive disorders.
D) Many of the genes are different in men and women.

Question 38

A portion of the SLC6A4 serotonin transporter gene has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) a decreased vulnerability to depression
B) 15% decrease in gray matter in the amygdala
C) 25% decrease in the subgenual anterior cortex
D) exaggerated amygdala response

Question 39

Recent findings of 11 circadian genes implicated in depression are located in which of the following brain regions?

A) pineal gland, hippocampus, and hypothalamus
B) pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and frontal lobes
C) hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, and pons
D) pineal gland, pituitary gland, and anterior cingulate cortex

Question 40

All of the following statements regarding bipolar disorder are true EXCEPT ______.

A) it has a higher correlation with schizophrenia than mood disorders
B) it has a higher heritability rate than either depression or schizophrenia
C) many genes have been discovered that are implicated in the disorder
D) research has discovered that 3 of the genes implicated in the disorder control for circadian rhythms

Question 41

The ______ Prozac (also called fluoxetine) ______.

A) atypical antidepressant; inhibits serotonin reuptake
B) monoamine oxidase inhibitor; inhibits dopamine reuptake
C) SNRI; stimulates serotonin production
D) second-generation antidepressant; stimulates dopamine production

Question 42

In resistant patients, ______ combined with antidepressant medication leads to significant improvement in depression scores.

A) aversive therapy
B) cognitive behavioral therapy
C) systematic desensitization
D) ketamine

Question 43

The future of drug treatment for depression and other disorders includes targeting ______.

A) specific neurotransmitter receptor subtypes
B) specific neurotransmitter systems
C) several neurotransmitter systems at the same time
D) the genes that code for specific neurotransmitter systems

Question 44

Which of the following treatments involves about 70-130 volts administered to the head, causing a seizure associated with convulsions, and lasts for about 30 seconds to 1 minute?

A) electroconvulsive therapy
B) electroencephalogram therapy
C) electrical stimulation of the brain
D) transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 45

Joan's therapist recommended ECT as an effective part of her treatment for depression, but she is very concerned due to how this form of therapy has been portrayed in movies. What can you tell Joan about ECT today to help her accept her therapist's recommendation?

A) It is usually the first choice of treatment for mood disorders due to its effectiveness.
B) It produces faster results compared to drug treatments.
C) There is no longer an effect on the patient's memory.
D) It no longer elicits a seizure in the patient.

Question 46

Current research studying the underlying effectiveness of antidepressant drugs suggests that the most important aspect of this drug treatment is its role in ______.

A) neurogenesis
B) enhanced neurotransmitter activity
C) restoration of neural plasticity
D) enhanced neural synchrony

Question 47

In a recent study, mice that were injected with a drug that mimics ______, a compound that normally builds up during wakefulness, showed antidepressant benefits without sleepiness:

A) serotonin
B) caffeine
C) adenosine
D) glutamate

Question 48

Which of the following appears to be an important factor in winter depression?

A) amount of exposure to outside air
B) brightness of light
C) amount of natural light
D) temperature

Question 49

Which of the following provides relief for summer depression?

A) traveling to a warmer climate
B) spending time in an air-conditioned house
C) taking several hot showers a day
D) frequent visits to a sauna

Question 50

According to a recent study, the ______ cortex seems to be involved in SAD, as it contains ______ that activate on a seasonal basis

A) dorsolateral prefrontal; genes
B) ventrolateral prefrontal; genes
C) dorsolateral prefrontal; hormones
D) ventrolateral prefrontal; hormones

Question 51

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the relationship between brain anomalies and depression?

A) Volume deficits seem to precede the onset of depression.
B) Depression seems to lead to degeneration of brain tissue.
C) Stress seems to be the common factor that causes both brain tissue reductions and symptoms of stress.
D) Depression causes a decrease in generation of new synapses.

Question 52

While the ______ corresponds to the trait of depression, the ______ corresponds to the state of depression.

A) hippocampus; dorsal prefrontal area
B) dorsal prefrontal area; hippocampus
C) ventral prefrontal area; amygdala
D) amygdala; ventral prefrontal area

Question 53

In bipolar disorder, decreases in neural connectivity have been observed in all of the following brain areas EXCEPT the ______.

A) cortex
B) corpus callosum
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus

Question 54

______ of those who attempt suicide have a diagnosable psychiatric illness.

A) 90%
B) 80%
C) 70%
D) 60%

Question 55

How many chromosomal sites associated with suicide risk have been discovered?

A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8

Question 56

Lower 5-HIAA levels are found among ______.

A) nonimpulsive suicide attempters
B) impulsive suicide attempters
C) non-suicide attempters
D) all of these

Question 57

Current research has begun studying the relationship between suicide and ______.

A) brain injuries, such as CTE and concussions
B) war veterans
C) noncontact sports
D) sleep disorders

Question 58

How can antidepressants increase one's risk for suicide?

A) It lowers 5-HIAA levels.
B) Patients can experience disappointments due to slow symptom improvements.
C) Patients can become more accident prone, leading to possible concussions.
D) It increases 5-HIAA levels.

Question 59

In the U.S., a 22% decrease in antidepressant prescription among adolescents resulted in a ______ in youth suicide rates.

A) 10% decrease
B) 10% increase
C) 14% decrease
D) 14% increase

Question 60

Which of the following behavioral characteristics increases suicide risk?

A) aggression and impulsiveness
B) sadness and sleepiness
C) panic and Irrationality
D) hallucinations and memory problems

Question 61

What is estimated to be the heritability range for suicidal behavior?

A) 20-35%
B) 32-40%
C) 38-55%
D) 56-80%

Question 62

Genes that contribute to suicidal behavior ______.

A) have not been confirmed
B) show comorbidity with mental illness
C) show comorbidity with reactions to life disappointments
D) are a group of genes each located on a different chromosome

Question 63

Which of the following psychological disorders shows the highest genetic overlap with anxiety disorders?

A) OCD
B) PTSD
C) schizophrenia
D) major depression

Question 64

Which of the following regarding PTSD is FALSE?

A) It can develop after someone was involved in an automobile accident.
B) Men are almost four times more vulnerable in developing the disorder than women.
C) Men show higher rates of the disorder because they are more likely than women to be exposed to trauma.
D) traditional drugs have been proven ineffective in treating the disorder.

Question 65

Individuals who carry the VAL66MET allele ______.

A) show resistance to fear extinction procedures
B) are more predisposed to develop PTSD
C) are mostly men
D) show a hyperactive connection between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala

Question 66

Which of the following areas of the brain does NOT show increased activity in individuals suffering from PTSD?

A) insular cortex
B) hippocampus
C) anterior cingulate cortex
D) amygdala

Question 67

All of the following are associated with a vulnerability to develop PTSD EXCEPT ______.

A) smaller hippocampus volume
B) mutations in the FKBP5 gene
C) smaller-sized ACC
D) increased gray matter volume in the orbitofrontal cortex

Question 68

The ______ network provides error detection by comparing an intended response with appropriate ones, which is faulty in some individuals with uncontrollable anxiety.

A) ventral attention
B) salience
C) frontoparietal
D) default mode

Question 69

If someone with anxiety has problems with controlling their emotions when confronted with anxiety-inducing events or thoughts, they have underactivity in the ______, which also engages in self-monitoring and future planning.

A) default mode network
B) ventral attention network
C) salience network
D) frontoparietal network

Question 70

A need for increased executive control when surveying a situation is the responsibility of the ______.

A) default mode network
B) ventral attention network
C) salience network
D) frontoparietal network

Question 71

Michael continues to have uncontrollable and anxiety-provoking recurring thoughts that his hands are dirty. This is a good example of ______.

A) an obsession
B) a compulsion
C) paranoia
D) a phobia

Question 72

In an episode of Grey's Anatomy, Dr. Bailey found it difficult to leave home because she constantly felt the need to check and recheck the contents of her purse. This is a good example of ______.

A) an obsession
B) a compulsion
C) paranoia
D) a phobia

Question 73

What is a relatively new treatment used in OCD patients who do not respond to drug therapy?

A) ECT
B) TMS
C) DBS
D) EEG

Question 74

With the deep brain stimulation technique, OCD patients experienced a ___ reduction in symptoms

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 75

In a study comparing hoarders with both OCD patients and healthy controls, researchers found increased activity in the ACC among which group after they threw away a number of personal possessions?

A) both the OCD patients and hoarders
B) the healthy controls
C) the OCD patients
D) the hoarders

Question 76

All of the following are true about Tourette's syndrome EXCEPT ______.

A) symptoms develop between the ages of 2 and 15 years of age
B) males are three times more likely than females to develop Tourette
C) it shows genetic comorbidity with OCD
D) concordance rates range between 70% and 90%

Question 77

OCD and Tourette's syndrome both involve changes in ______ activity.

A) amygdala
B) anterior cingulate cortex
C) hippocampal
D) basal ganglia

Question 78

Recent studies observing neural connections in the schizophrenic brain report reductions in cortical folding in frontal associated circuits.

Question 79

Another common term used in place of "schizophrenia" is "multiple personality."

Question 80

Current research has found significant declines over the years in the diagnosis of schizophrenia, particularly in the U.S.