Deck 8: Emotion and Health

Question 1

Which of the following is true?

A) The sympathetic nervous system activation activates the body during arousal.
B) The parasympathetic nervous system activation activates the body during arousal.
C) The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.
D) The sympathetic nervous system puts the brakes on most bodily activities.

Answer 1

The sympathetic nervous system activation activates the body during arousal.

Question 2

The James-Lange theory postulated that the emotional experience ______.

A) precedes the physiological arousal
B) occurs concurrently with the physiological arousal
C) results from the physiological arousal
D) bears no relationship to the physiological arousal

Answer 2

results from the physiological arousal

Question 3

Who first demonstrated that the physical act of manipulating facial muscles to make certain expressions produced the corresponding emotions in the those individuals?

A) James
B) Lange
C) Eckman
D) Baumeister

Answer 3

Eckman

Question 4

The view that feedback from others, observing another person's emotional expressions, activates emotional areas in our own brains is mediated by what?

A) sympathetic ganglion
B) mirror neurons
C) reciprocity circuitry
D) this is something only observed in true empaths

Question 5

Stress causes all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) general increased immune system activity
B) activation of the hypothalamus-adrenal-axis
C) increased cortisol increases energy levels
D) decreasing heart rate

Question 6

When college students were instructed to assume specific facial expressions, they ______.

A) did not change their emotions because they knew the experimenter was asking them to "pose" the expressions
B) changed their emotions to match the expression because they wanted to please the experimenter
C) reported feeling emotions that were consistent with the facial expressions they were instructed to create
D) were unable to produce the individual facial components of different expressions, so the study was inconclusive

Question 7

Some individuals have a low-functioning version of the NPY gene that codes for the production of neuropeptide Y. What is special about these individuals' behavior?

A) They show decreased brain activity in response to negative stimuli.
B) They show increased brain activity in response to negative stimuli.
C) They display increased amounts of emotional stress eating.
D) They are unremarkable when compared to the general population.

Question 8

What pain reliever might you expect to have some ability to dampen emotion?

A) aspirin
B) acetaminophen
C) ibuprofen
D) codeine

Question 9

How do people with damage to the ventromedial cortex in the frontal lobe respond on a gambling card task?

A) They do not understand any rules of the gambling task.
B) They do not shift from risky choices to more advantageous, safe decks as control subjects do.
C) They learn to shift from risky to safe decks, but only after they receive penalties with the risky deck.
D) After they learn how the game works, they finally make the switch to avoid penalties.

Question 10

Stimulation of the hypothalamus in epileptic patients produced all of these EXCEPT ______.

A) feelings of a pounding heart
B) feelings of fear
C) feelings of pleasure
D) feelings of fatigue and sleep

Question 11

Which of the following behaviors do you think would impair the ability to recognize emotions, like happiness and disgust, of a speaker?

A) chewing gum
B) looking in a mirror
C) trying to mimic facial expressions of the speaker
D) trying to mimic the tone of voice of the speaker

Question 12

If I were to have you make a sad face and then rate your perceptions to a painful stimulus, making a sad face would do what to your pain perceptions (versus making a happy or neutral face)?

A) pain with sad face would be more intense
B) pain with sad face would be less intense
C) pain with sad face would not be any different
D) pain with sad face would be not perceptible at all because of input from facial muscles

Question 13

Generally stress is positive and adaptive, but all of the following are negative consequences from stress EXCEPT ______.

A) altered appetite
B) cognitive impairments
C) reduced sexual drive and performance
D) reduced blood pressure

Question 14

All of the following are examples of how genes interact with the environment with regards to negative effects of stress EXCEPT ______.

A) men with HIV had higher levels if they were socially inhibited
B) more aggressive/hostile people at work are at higher risk for heart disease
C) youngest siblings are often the most ill because of a responsibility complex
D) cancer patients with a "fighting spirit" may live longer

Question 15

In pain sensitivity disorders, what is true?

A) Emotional response is diminished, but sensation of pain is not.
B) Emotional response is not diminished, but the sensation of pain is.
C) Both emotional and sensation of pain are diminished.
D) Both emotional and sensation of pain are not diminished.

Question 16

If you were looking to identify the primary neural instigator of aggression, which structure would you choose?

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus

Question 17

What structure that is involved with risky behavior is also likely involved with aggression?

A) cerebellum
B) prefrontal cortex
C) inferior olivary tract
D) medical preoptic area

Question 18

In understanding hemispheric specialization, the ______ frontal area is more active when a person is experiencing ______ emotions.

A) right; positive
B) left; positive
C) right; neutral
D) left; neutral

Question 19

Individuals who have damage to ______ make very poor, risky decisions in gambling.

A) entorhinal cortex
B) amygdala
C) lateral geniculate nucleus
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 20

Lesioning the ______ might be expected to alter attention, cognitive processing, emotion, and possibly consciousness.

A) anterior cingulate cortex
B) posterior parietal cortex
C) hippocampus
D) lateral hypothalamus

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a form of aggression?

A) predatory
B) affective
C) instrumental
D) revengeful

Question 22

Individuals with bilateral amygdala damage were tested with carbon dioxide exposure, which produces a feeling of suffocation. What did they experience during the test?

A) panic attacks
B) anger
C) confusion
D) sexual desire

Question 23

Damage to which part of the brain will result in someone speaking in a monotone voice?

A) right frontal area
B) left frontal area
C) bilateral amygdala
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 24

Extreme stress has been reported to lead to brain damage by reducing the volume of the hippocampus in all of the following groups EXCEPT ______.

A) Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD
B) childhood abuse trauma victims
C) torture victims
D) tornado victims

Question 25

Which hormone has been implicated in the decrease of physiological symptoms of stress?

A) NPY
B) PYY
C) oxytocin
D) estrogen

Question 26

______, a type of leukocyte, fight intruders by producing antibodies that attach a particular type of cell.

A) B cells
B) T cells
C) Macrophages
D) Antigens

Question 27

When a person succumbs to AIDS, he or she dies from ______.

A) loss of neural conductance in the brain
B) not being able to fight off an infection
C) abnormally high blood clotting resulting in heart attack
D) a sexually contracted parasite

Question 28

If you had a type of cancer that involved the immune cells in your central nervous system that ingest intruders (similar to how macrophages function in the peripheral body), what cell would be affected?

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) natural killer cells
D) microglia

Question 29

Three years after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Center, researchers found that ______.

A) people who lived far from the towers (200 miles) experienced just as many symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as those who lived closer (1.5 miles)
B) no posttraumatic symptoms were observed in either the near or far group, because enough time had elapsed for people to recover from stress
C) reduced gray matter in several key areas involved in emotion in the individuals who lived closer to the site of the terrorist attacks
D) less amygdala activation to fearful faces in the group who lived within 1.5 miles of the terrorist attack site

Question 30

Although social support, personality, and attitudes all are related to immune functioning, their role may be overstated as they simply may be a manifestation of what?

A) the culture
B) the individual's greater physiological functioning
C) expression of NPY gene function
D) neonatal environment

Question 31

Estimating the pain of others independently activates different brain regions. Which of the following would you expect to be true in such a situation?

A) increased activity in the ACC but decreased activity in the somatosensory area
B) decreased activity in the ACC but increased activity in the somatosensory area
C) increased activity in both ACC and somatosensory area
D) decreased activity in both ACC and somatosensory area

Question 32

According to one integrative neurotransmitter aggression hypothesis, all of the following contribute, EXCEPT ______.

A) high testosterone-to-cortisol ratio predisposes to aggression
B) low serotonin predisposes to impulsive aggression
C) low dopamine increase aggression overall
D) high serotonin reduces the aggression or channels it to planned instrumental aggression

Question 33

Which of the following genes has NOT been associated in some way with stress?

A) NPY
B) OXTR
C) CLOCK
D) LDAV

Question 34

Lesioning the amygdala would be expected to do what?

A) produce anger in humans
B) produce anger in humans but only in aggressive individuals
C) improve "intractable" aggression
D) eliminate all behaviors related to anger

Question 35

Consider the delivery of equal amounts of pain - but in one case the pain is accidental and in the other the pain is intentional. How would you expect the perception of the pain to be described?

A) Both accidental and intentional pain would be perceived comparably.
B) Accidental pain would hurt more.
C) Intentional pain would hurt more.
D) I need more specific information to answer this question.

Question 36

Which of the following demonstrates that there is a strong emotional component to pain?

A) In the United States, childbirth is generally considered to be a painful procedure, whereas it is much more of a routine experience in other cultures.
B) In World War II, many wounded soldiers refused morphine for their injuries.
C) In some cultures, ceremonies that involve self-torture have a spiritual component that could be described as a "state of exaltation."
D) all of these

Question 37

A Swedish twin study concluded that ______ percent of workplace stress is genetic. One implicated gene is ______, where a low functioning version of the gene resulted in a greater responses to negatively charged words and anticipated pain.

A) 75; OXTR
B) 50; CLOCK
C) 32; NPY
D) 10; HOXB

Question 38

When your cat stalks and pounces on a bird, the cat is quiet, seemingly a cold-blooded killer, indicative of ______ aggression, but a cat when confronted by a mirror arches its back, bristles its fur, and hisses menacingly at its own reflection is indicative of ______ aggression.

A) predatory; defensive
B) offensive; affective
C) defensive; offensive
D) predatory; offensive

Question 39

Drugs that inhibit serotonin reuptake, such as the antidepressant fluoxetine, also reduce ______.

A) symptoms of antisocial personality disorder
B) reactions to internal pain states such as suffocation
C) alcohol craving and intake
D) criminal behavior

Question 40

All of the following are true about characteristics of antisocial personality disorder EXCEPT ______.

A) reckless behavior
B) impaired learning and memory
C) fighting and stealing
D) violations of social norms

Question 41

The ______ allele/gene leads to violent behavior only in those individuals who were subjected to childhood physical abuse.

A) testosterone
B) oxytocin
C) MAOA-L
D) NPY

Question 42

Which of the following changes would NOT increase aggressive behaviors?

A) decreasing testosterone
B) decreasing GABA
C) increasing serotonin
D) decreasing daily alcohol use

Question 43

Emotions were originally thought to originate in the limbic system.

Question 44

Women who receive Botox treatment will subsequently describe emotions as less intense.

Question 45

Estrogen plays as important a role in aggression as testosterone.

Question 46

There is more than one kind of aggression.

Question 47

Effects of stress on an individual can be inherited by that individual's offspring.

Question 48

Norepinephrine increases the rate at which the HIV multiplies.

Question 49

Aggression is predominantly influenced by environmental factors.

Question 50

Define the term "emotion," and give an example of what might be happening in your brain and body during a specific emotion such as anger.

Question 51

Discuss the criticisms and alternatives to the James-Lange theory of emotions. Focus on Schacter and Singer's cognitive theory of emotion.

Question 52

Discuss facial expression feedback in relation to the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Question 53

What are mirror neurons, and what role might they play in particular emotions?

Question 54

Discuss the contributions of the following brain areas to emotion: hypothalamus, insular cortex, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate gyrus.

Question 55

Discuss the role of the prefrontal cortex in human emotions. Use the case study at the beginning of the chapter to support your answer.

Question 56

Discuss the involvement of the amygdala in negative emotions such as fear and anxiety. How might anxiolytic drugs exert their effects in the amygdala?

Question 57

Discuss the role of the left and right hemispheres in recognition and expression of emotions.

Question 58

Define the term "stress." What major systems are activated during stressful events?

Question 59

Describe the body's immune system components. What are autoimmune diseases?

Question 60

Describe the negative effects of stress on the immune system. How does this affect the cardiac system, for example?

Question 61

Provide evidence for the negative effects of stress and cortisol on the brain. What brain area is particularly vulnerable?

Question 62

Discuss the evidence regarding social support, attitude, and personality and their connection to surviving serious illness.

Question 63

Why is pain considered an adaptive emotion? What condition illustrates this aspect of pain?

Question 64

Describe the physical and emotional aspects of pain and the different brain areas involved. Give an example of the role culture plays in the experience of pain.

Question 65

Distinguish between the different forms of aggression, studied mostly in animals such as cats. Name and describe the two types of human aggression that are similar to particular forms of aggression in animals.

Question 66

Describe evidence that supports the role of testosterone in male and female animals and humans. Why is this evidence difficult to interpret?

Question 67

Describe the neural circuit involved in defensive and predatory aggression in cats. What areas might be involved in human aggression?

Question 68

Describe the relationship between serotonin and aggression. How is the relationship affected by testosterone? By antidepressant drugs such as fluoxetine?

Question 69

Give evidence showing that aggression has a genetic component. Include studies that show that early experiences interact with genetic influences to determine levels of aggression.

Question 70

Explain how amygdala patients respond to gambling behaviors and what implications this may have for their daily living.

Question 71

Explain why people who believe emotion is a right-hemisphere phenomenon are mistaken.

Question 72

Explain why research on emotion has focused on fear.

Question 73

Describe what involvement the prefrontal cortex has in the role of processing and experiencing pain.