Deck 25: Origin of Species and Macroevolution

Question 1

The process of evolutionary changes that result in formation of new species and groups of species is called

A) temporal evolution.
B) artificial selection.
C) macroevolution.
D) serial evolution.
E) a combination of temporal and serial evolution.

Answer 1

macroevolution.

Question 2

Morphological traits are commonly used to identify species, which of the following can also be used?

A) The ability to interbreed.
B) Molecular similarity (DNA and chromosome comparisons).
C) Ecological factors.
D) Evolutionary relationships.
E) All of these.

Answer 2

All of these.

Question 3

Species are identified based on a unique combination of physical or molecular characteristics under the

A) phylogenetic species concept.
B) biological species concept.
C) evolutionary species concept.
D) ecological species concept.
E) general lineage concept.

Answer 3

phylogenetic species concept.

Question 4

A disadvantage of the phylogenetic species concept is that it

A) cannot be applied to all organisms.
B) cannot be used for molecular data.
C) may be difficult to determine the number of traits necessary to characterize individuals.
D) cannot accommodate clear-cut qualitative characteristics.
E) is impossible to determine reproductive isolation.

Question 5

De Queiroz's general species concept is receiving significant support because

A) it includes morphology, reproductive isolation, DNA sequences and ecology to determine if a population of group of populations is distinct form other groups.
B) multiple criteria are used.
C) many scientists believe it is not valid to have so many different species concepts.
D) it concurs with evolutionary lineage concept.
E) all of the above are correct.

Question 6

The Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and Southern leopard frog (Rana utricularia) are morphologically similar, but they do not mate. They sound very different when calling for a mate. Which mechanism may explain why these frogs are listed as separate species?

A) the inability to interbreed because of morphological differences.
B) the difference in bone structure and skin color of the organisms.
C) DNA sequences of particular genes.
D) the habitat of the organisms.
E) both the DNA sequences of particular genes and the inability to produce viable offspring.

Question 7

A frog and a toad mate. The frog drops it's sperm onto the toad's eggs as they are being laid, no offspring develop because the sperm cannot fertilize egg. This is an example of

A) mechanical isolation.
B) temporal isolation.
C) habitat isolation.
D) behavioral isolation.
E) gametic isolation.

Question 8

If goats are crossed with sheep, embryos will form but cease development and spontaneously abort. This is an example of

A) a prezygotic mechanism.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid sterility.
D) hybrid breakdown.
E) spermatic behavior.

Question 9

A liger is a result from a male lion and a female tiger. Male ligers are usually sterile. This is an example of

A) a prezygotic mechanism.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid sterility.
D) hybrid breakdown.
E) a prezygotic mechanism and hybrid sterility are correct.

Question 10

Speciation can arise through abrupt events, such as changes in chromosome number or as consequence of adaptation to different ecological niches. What is the term for the splitting or Figure A Figure B diverging of a population into two or more species and which figure (above) is best associated with this term?

A) Anagenesis; Figure A.
B) Anagenesis; Figure B.
C) Cladogenesis; Figure A.
D) Cladogenesis; Figure B.
E) Cladogenesis; Both Figure A and B can represent this type of splitting.

Question 11

A storm blows a small group of migrating birds off course and they land on an island too far from the mainland for them to fly back on course. The birds remain on the island for 100 generations when a second storm blows more birds from the mainland to the island. The new birds cannot mate with the established birds, even though they are originally from the same population. What has occurred to bring about this specialtion?

A) Genetic drift.
B) Doubling of chromosome number in the mainland birds.
C) Geographical isolation resulting in reproductive isolation.
D) Development of a reproductive isolating mechanism dealing with sperm count.
E) All of these.

Question 12

Adaptive radiation could resulted in which of the following?

A) Many ancestral species evolve into one of descendant species that differ greatly in habitat, form and . behavior from the ancestral species.
B) The evolution of the horse which depended on the change in food supply.
C) The abundant species of Hawaiian honeycreepers.
D) The 1,000 species of Drosophila found dispersed throughout the Hawaiian Islands.
E) The abundant species of Hawaiian honeycreepers and Drosophila found on the Hawaiian Islands.

Question 13

Reproductive isolation in Darwin's finches was studied by Podos. He measured beak size and found a correlation between this and the finches'

A) song.
B) possible ability to attract certain mates.
C) flight patterns.
D) song and possible ability to attract certain mates are correct.
E) song, flight patterns and beak depth.

Question 14

Podos measured beak depth and correlated this with finches songs. Using the figure above, which species of finch had the largest beak depth value and a vocal constraint between 2 and 3?

A) G. magnirostris
B) C. psittacula
C) G. fortis
D) G. scandens and C. pallidus
E) C. olivacea

Question 15

A population of mountain goats are split because of the formation of a glacier. After 50 years the glacier melts and the population reunites. Hybrid zones may occur if

A) both pre-mating and post-mating isolating mechanisms occur.
B) reproductive isolation is incomplete.
C) a geographic barrier is removed after reproductive isolation is complete.
D) both pre-mating and post-mating isolating mechanism occur and reproductive isolation is complete.
E) both pre-mating and post-mating isolating mechanisms occur and a geographic barrier is removed after reproductive isolation is complete are correct.

Question 16

The North American maggot fly diverged into two species because some individuals fed on apples rather than hawthorn trees. Apple fruit mature more quickly than hawthorn fruit, therefore maggot flies that fed on apples also developed more quickly. Pea aphids can feed on alfalfa or red clover; some aphids have higher fitness when eating clover others when eating alfalfa. Host preference can eventually lead to speciation because

A) genetic differences develop.
B) lower fitness may result from choosing the wrong host.
C) temporal isolation may occur.
D) anagenesis may occur.
E) genetic differences develop, higher fitness and temporal isolation may occur.

Question 17

Species evolve continuously over long spans of time according to the concept of

A) punctuated equilibrium.
B) gradualism.
C) developmental evolution.
D) anagenesis.
E) sexual selection.

Question 18

A species of trilobite was found in the fossil record. At its first appearance, it is similar to an ancestor species but differs from the ancestor in several key characteristics. It seems to change little over several million years, then is extinct. This illustrates the concept of

A) punctuated equilibrium.
B) gradualism.
C) developmental evolution.
D) anagenesis.
E) evo-devo.

Question 19

The pace of evolution may change due to sudden environmental shifts such as climate change. This may result in rapid evolution.

Question 20

The figure above is an example of

A) punctuated equlibrium.
B) anogenesis.
C) gradualism.
D) speciation based on sexual selection.
E) anogenesis and speciation based on sexual selection.

Question 21

Which of the following would most likely undergo the fastest rate of evolutionary change?

A) an annual plant
B) a blue whale
C) a human
D) a giant sequoia tree
E) bacteria

Question 22

What is the name of the field of biology that compares the development of different organisms in an attempt to understand ancestral relationships between organisms and the developmental mechanisms that bring about evolutionary change?

A) Pattern formation.
B) Punctuated equlibrium.
C) Cell biology.
D) Evolutionary developmental biology.
E) Endocrine biology.

Question 23

In comparing the development of the unwebbed foot of the chicken and webbed foot of a duck

A) BMP4 is expressed in the foot of a chicken and gremlin in the foot of a duck.
B) BMP4 and gremlin are expressed in both chickens and ducks, but gremlin is expressed throughout . the duck leg and not expressed between the toes of chickens.
C) BMP4 is expressed in the foot of a duck and gremlin in the foot of a chicken.
D) BMP4 is expressed between the toes of a chicken and gremlin between the toes of a duck.
E) BMP4 is not expressed in the chicken but is in the duck.

Question 24

Development of an animal is connected to the genes that are expressed during development. Researchers propose that ...

A) increases in the number of Hox genes have been instrumental in the evolution of many animal species.
B) the greater the number of Hox genes the more complex the body plan of the animal.
C) both BMP4 and Hox are associated only with digit development in animals.
D) increases in the number of Hox genes have been instrumental in the evolution of many animal . species and the greater the number of Hox genes the more complex the body plan of the animal are both correct.
E) increases in the number of Hox genes have been instrumental in the evolution of many animal . species, the greater the number of Hox genes the more complex the body plan of the animal, and both BMP4 and Hox are associated only with digit development in animals are all correct.

Question 25

Look at the chromosomes above and determine how many group(s) of Hox genes are associated with body types for each type of animal. These associations are based on anterior, group 3, central and posterior body development.

A) Mammals: 4 groups; Flatworms: 4 groups; Sponge: 2 groups; Anemones: 1 group.
B) Mammals: 4 groups; Flatworms: 4 groups; Sponge: 1 groups; Anemones: 2 group.
C) Mammals: 11 groups; Flatworms: 4 groups; Sponge: 1 groups; Anemones: 4 groups.
D) Mammals: 27 groups; Flatworms: 4 groups; Sponge: 2 groups; Anemones: 1 group.
E) All animals must have at least 2 groups because all animals have a posterior and anterior end.

Question 26

Which of the following could possibly account for an increase in Hox genes and an increase in animal body complexity?

A) Different Hox genes are expressed in different regions of the body.
B) Hox genes duplicated once during animal evolution.
C) Duplication of Hox genes and duplication of Hox gene clusters throughout animal evolution.
D) Inversion of Hox genes about 600 million years ago.
E) The creation of Hox gene clusters through inversion and uncontrolled replication.

Question 27

The phenomenon in which one region of the body grows faster than another among different species is called...

A) paedomorphosis.
B) Gremlin and BMP4 interaction.
C) Hox gene translation.
D) meroblastic cleavage.
E) heterochrony.

Question 28

A) The human and chimp fetal skull are exactly the same, the human jaw development slows down after adulthood.
B) Heterochrony is occurring, the chimp jaws continue to develop at a faster rate than human jaws.
C) Paedomorphosis is occurring, the human jaw retains its small size while the chimp jaw continues to grow even in adulthood.
D) The nasal passages of the chimp are shortened due to reduced growth during fetal development . while the nasal passages of the human grow through adulthood.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

Paedomorphosis is

A) the formation of limbs from fins in the evolution of land vertebrates.
B) the change from radial to bilateral symmetry in the evolution of plants and animals.
C) the retention of juvenile traits in an adult organism.
D) an earlier development of adult traits in an organism.
E) the development of different types of eyes from a simpler form.

Question 30

The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is an amphibian that has a derived mode of development characterized by metamorphic failure. This mode of development results in an entirely aquatic life cycle in which the animal never develops a terrestrial phase. This is an example of paedomorphosis.

Question 31

The Pax6 gene

A) is a master control gene for eye development.
B) codes for a protein that controls the expression of many other genes.
C) mutant can cause aniridia in humans.
D) is a homolog to the eyeless gene in Drosophila.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 32

Studies of the Pax6 and homologues suggest that the

A) eye has evolved independently multiple times.
B) eyes of many different species are descended from a common ancestor.
C) master gene of the eye in various species is not homologous.
D) eye has evolved independently multiple times and master gene of the eye in various species is not homologous are correct.
E) eyes of insects, like Drosophila, derived many times from many ancestors.

Question 33

Genetic changes, under control of the Paax6 gene, led to

A) the evolution of one type of eye.
B) one photoreceptor in each modern eye.
C) the evolution of many types of eyes using ommatidia and simple eye structures.
D) a cluster of photoreceptor cells in every eye.
E) none of these are correct

Question 34

Which of the following genes is correctly matched with its function?

A) The Hox genes illustrate evolution of neural pathways.
B) The BMP4 gene illustrates evolution of lungs for breathing air.
C) The gremlin gene illustrates the evolution of the inner ear mechanism.
D) The Pax6 gene illustrates the evolution of complex organs such as the eye.
E) The gremlin gene along with the Pax6 gene code for development of the eye.

Question 35

The Pax6 gene is considered a master gene because

A) it was the first gene developed that resulted in a protein for sight.
B) it controls the development of all the homologues that have to do with light refraction in the eye.
C) the primitive eye developed into the complex eye.
D) the gene encodes for development of ommitidia which combine to make the simple eye.
E) the protein encoded by the Pax6 gene is a transcription factor that controls the expression of many other genes needed for eye development.