Deck 2: The Origins and Evolution of Canadian Corrections

Question 1

Between 1790 and 1830, how did crime come to be viewed as a result of influences from the United States?

A) as a consequence of community disorder and family instability
B) as a consequence of a mental disorder
C) as a failure of the religious community to affect the community
D) as government's failure to restrict people's actions.

Answer 1

as a consequence of community disorder and family instability

Question 2

Which design was followed in constructing federal penitentiaries in Canada in the 1800s?

A) the Auburn model
B) the Bentham model
C) the Living Unit model
D) the Pennsylvania model

Answer 2

the Auburn model

Question 3

In what year was Kingston Penitentiary completed?

A) 1820
B) 1825
C) 1830
D) 1835

Answer 3

1835

Question 4

An inmate wakes up in the morning, leaves his cell to eat breakfast in the dining hall, and then walks to the institution's auto body shop, where he is employed with 10 other inmates. Which model of prisons does he reside in?

A) the Auburn model
B) the Bentham model
C) the Living Unit model
D) the Pennsylvania model

Question 5

When the Kingston penitentiary was completed, what did it symbolize?

A) a moral architecture, representing order and morality
B) that punitive responses to crime acted as successful deterrents
C) a unique Canadian institution, quite different from U.S. prisons
D) the success of taking an intensive rehabilitative approach to convicted offenders

Question 6

Which of the following resulted from the findings of the Brown Commission (1848-49), which examined the operation of Kingston penitentiary?

A) Kingston penitentiary was closed.
B) The warden of Kingston penitentiary was fired.
C) Hard labour was no longer a feature of life in Kingston penitentiary.
D) Canadians reconsidered using Kingston penitentiary as a place to reform offenders.

Question 7

Which penitentiary was considered "state of the art" in its time; viewed hard labour and a strong emphasis on religion as core elements of the reformation process; and aimed to eradicate the underlying causes of crime, identified as intemperance, laziness, and a lack of moral values?

A) Kingston Penitentiary for Woman
B) Maplehurst Correctional Complex
C) Warkworth Institution
D) Kingston Penitentiary

Question 8

What main ideals shaped the early days of the Kingston Penitentiary, where prisoners were separated by gender and type of offence; were allowed to have their own bedding, clothing, and food; and their daily lives centered around ideas that were thought to be able to effect change?

A) religious study and contemplation
B) silence and stillness
C) remedial studies and learning job skills
D) hard labour and discipline

Question 9

What term did both staff and inmates use to refer to the bell that announced every function in inmates' day-to-day prison activities?

A) the prisoner's friend
B) the loud staff member
C) the bell of discipline
D) the Chaplain's angel

Question 10

When did modern reform begin in the Canadian corrections system?

A) 1850-1890
B) 1890-1930
C) 1930-1970
D) 1970-2010

Question 11

What perspective on criminal offenders is exemplified when a prison's mental health employee diagnoses an inmate as having Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and prescribes correctional treatment programming to rehabilitate the offender?

A) the medical model
B) the pathological model
C) the reintegration model
D) the psychological model

Question 12

During the 1960s, several new medium- and minimum-security facilities were constructed across Canada, designed to hold small populations of offenders. The facilities introduced expanded visiting privileges and education and training opportunities, and included prison physicians as part of the treatment team. What was this model of corrections known as?

A) the pyscho-social model
B) the reverse influence model
C) the medical model
D) the natural model of punishment

Question 13

Which Commission concluded that the goal of prisons should be NOT only to protect society by incarcerating offenders but also to reform and rehabilitate offenders?

A) The Royal Arbour Commission
B) The Provincial Milligan Commission on Incarceration
C) The Ouimet Commission
D) Royal Commission on the Penal System

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the primary objective of the federal Conservative government (2006-2015), when it introduced a conservative, American-style, "get tough" approach to offenders?

A) to hold offenders accountable, to address perceived leniency, and to address truth in sentencing
B) to fill the correctional institutions to keep criminals off the street
C) to rehabilitate everyone who came into conflict with the criminal justice system
D) to reduce recidivism by keeping offenders in jail longer, under tougher living conditions

Question 15

What has been a major effect of overcrowding on prison populations?

A) an increase in illicit drug use in prison cells
B) a notable increase in sexual assault and homosexual attitudes/incidents
C) an increase in violence and the inability of prisoners to move through security levels to complete their treatment programs
D) extensive psychological trauma and emotional venting by the prisoners, causing correctional staff to be overworked in their duties

Question 16

Which of the following resulted from the Conservative government's "get tough on crime" initiatives?

A) an increase in Indigenous and Black inmates
B) a shift toward tougher attitudes regarding women offenders
C) the incarceration of more emotionally and mentally handicapped persons
D) the release of more Caucasian male prisoners

Question 17

Which provision of Canada's new penology will likely contribute to overcrowding in federal prisons?

A) changes in the rules of pretrial detention for young offenders
B) an increase in the waiting period to apply for a record suspension
C) restrictions on the types of offences that can be considered for conditional sentences
D) mandatory minimum sentences for some drug crimes and sexual offences

Question 18

What term refers to prisons that were traditionally built as grandiose buildings whose exteriors contrasted starkly with the drabness and depressing conditions inside?

A) building severity into the punishment
B) moral architecture
C) exploiting the government's power
D) aggression by expression

Question 19

What deficiency was highlighted by the highly publicized death of a woman offender with an intellectual disability at Grand Valley Institution for Women in 2007?

A) the inability of prisons to retrain an offender for release
B) the inability to address the needs of inmates and the challenges of those who work with them
C) the inability of the media to support a tougher stance on offenders
D) the disinterest of the citizens of Canada to delve into the issues of corrections

Question 20

An inmate rarely interacts with prison staff and sleeps in a large cell that provides considerable privacy. In what decade is this inmate incarcerated?

A) 1920s
B) 1930s
C) 1940s
D) 1950s

Question 21

An Indigenous inmate has a cell resembling a bedroom, which is located in a living unit with five other inmates, where he eats and sleeps when NOT participating in Indigenous-focused treatment programs. In what era is this inmate incarcerated?

A) 1970s
B) 1980s
C) 1990s
D) early 2000s

Question 22

What has research evidence shown about "big box" prisons constructed by provincial corrections systems and the rates of prisoners' reoffending upon release?

A) The evidence shows a marked decrease in reoffending rates.
B) The evidence shows that "big box" prisons have contributed to higher rates of reoffending.
C) The evidence shows that architectural styles of prisons have NO effect on rates of reoffending.
D) The lack of research makes it difficult to determine whether prison design affects rates of reoffending.

Question 23

What major change resulted from the publication of Creating Choices (1990), a report produced by the Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women?

A) Women were permitted to freely walk around the prisons without supervision.
B) Kingston Prison for Women (P4W) was eventually closed.
C) Women were permitted to keep their children with them while in prison.
D) Women were dispersed throughout the country to other prisons.

Question 24

What specific question has led to systems of corrections undergoing constant change driven by the ideologies of the provincial and federal governments of the day, fiscal crises, pressures exerted by public interest groups, and a variety of other influences?

A) What better facilities are needed to house inmates?
B) What emphasis must now be placed on dealing with cultural issues?
C) Why do persons become involved in the corrections system?
D) How does the system mitigate the issues of emotional trauma on prisoners?

Question 25

The Commission of Inquiry into Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston (Arbour) completed an extensive review of the Kingston Prison for Woman. Describe and explore the issues and resultant recommendations put forward.

Question 26

Many of the challenges confronting corrections systems at the beginning of the 21st century were first identified early in the 19th century. Describe and explain the various challenges that were encountered: