Deck 6: Justice and the Allocation of Scarce Resources

Question 1

In which of the following European models is health care financed by the government and taxed based rather than insurance based?

A) Beverage model
B) National Health Insurance model
C) Bismarck model
D) Out of Pocket model

Answer 1

Beverage model

Question 2

Which of the following plans uses private not-for-profit health insurance plans called "sickness funds" usually financed jointly by employees and employers through payroll deductions?

A) Beverage model
B) National Health Insurance model
C) Bismarck model
D) Out of Pocket model

Answer 2

Bismarck model

Question 3

In which of the following models are health care providers generally private, but the payer is a government-run insurance program that all citizens pay into?

A) Beverage model
B) National Health Insurance model
C) Bismarck model
D) Out of Pocket model

Answer 3

National Health Insurance model

Question 4

About _______________ of the world's 196 countries have a functioning national health care system.

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 100

Question 5

Which of the following requires that the criteria used to distribute a scarce resource be morally relevant??

A) material justice
B) distributive justice
C) formal justice
D) moral justice

Question 6

Which of the following requires that the criteria used to distribute a scarce resource be applied equally?

A) material justice
B) distributive justice
C) formal justice
D) moral justice

Question 7

A society that provides services such as health care to its citizens, based on the "greatest good for the greatest number," would be using a ____________________ system.

A) egalitarian
B) libertarian
C) American
D) utilitarian

Question 8

The end of a natural life cycle proposal for rationing health care is an example of a ____________________ system of health care distribution.

A) egalitarian
B) utilitarian
C) American
D) libertarian

Question 9

Using a free-market approach to distribute health care within society best fits the category known as a ____________________ theory.

A) egalitarian
B) utilitarian
C) American
D) libertarian

Question 10

A two-tiered system of health care provision where the state would provide a decent minimum (basic and catastrophic care) based on need and allow citizens to purchase further expanded and perhaps better care is an example of blending the ____________________ and ____________________ theories for health care distribution.

A) egalitarian, utilitarian.
B) utilitarian, American
C) libertarian, utilitarian.
D) egalitarian, utilitarian

Question 11

The micro-allocation process where a scarce resource such as an ICU bed is distributed on the basis of best prognosis is a form of ____________________ utility.

A) medical
B) social

Question 12

The allocation of scarce resources to those who are most useful or valued by the society is ____________________ utility.

A) medical
B) social

Question 13

Match each item to the definition below.

-The doctrine that utility is the sole standard of moral conduct; the doctrine of the greatest happiness for the greatest number

A) Distributive justice
B) Egalitarianism
C) Social utility
D) Utilitarianism
E) Triage
F) Libertarianism
G) Medical utility

Question 14

Match each item to the definition below.

-The consideration of how one provides for the fair and equitable division of scarce resources

A) Distributive justice
B) Egalitarianism
C) Social utility
D) Utilitarianism
E) Triage
F) Libertarianism
G) Medical utility

Question 15

Match each item to the definition below.

-A system of allocation that seeks to provide all things equally

A) Distributive justice
B) Egalitarianism
C) Social utility
D) Utilitarianism
E) Triage
F) Libertarianism
G) Medical utility

Question 16

Match each item to the definition below.

-The allocation of scarce resources to those who are most useful or valued by society

A) Distributive justice
B) Egalitarianism
C) Social utility
D) Utilitarianism
E) Triage
F) Libertarianism
G) Medical utility

Question 17

Match each item to the definition below.

-A system of allocation that is generally based on the free market exchange of goods and services

A) Distributive justice
B) Egalitarianism
C) Social utility
D) Utilitarianism
E) Triage
F) Libertarianism
G) Medical utility

Question 18

Match each item to the definition below.

-A system that divides the patient cases into categories so that care can be allocated effectively

A) Distributive justice
B) Egalitarianism
C) Social utility
D) Utilitarianism
E) Triage
F) Libertarianism
G) Medical utility

Question 19

Match each item to the definition below.

-The allocation of scarce resources to those with the best prognosis

A) Distributive justice
B) Egalitarianism
C) Social utility
D) Utilitarianism
E) Triage
F) Libertarianism
G) Medical utility

Question 20

Compare the Affordable Care Act with the German Bismarck system.

Question 21

Differentiate between micro- and macro-allocation.

Question 22

Differentiate between formal and material justice.

Question 23

State how the fair opportunity rule relates to material justice.

Question 24

Differentiate between the theoretical positions of utilitarianism, egalitarianism, and libertarianism as they relate to the distribution of health care.

Question 25

State the standard of the legal construct standard of care.

Question 26

Relate the process of triage to the micro-allocation of beds in an intensive care unit.

Question 27

Differentiate between social and medical utility and identify the form that is most in keeping with health care ethics.

Question 28

Provide three examples of clinical effectiveness gains through the adoption of safe practices.

Question 29

Compare the following rationing systems: Prudent Person, Fair Innings, and Natural Life Span.

Question 30

Review the case "You Play, We Pay" found in the chapter. Defend or refute the concept of a risk analysis component for health insurance deductibles. Base your decision on ethically relevant concepts.

Question 31

Review the end of a natural life cycle proposal in regard to rationing health care. Defend or refute the concept. Base your decision on ethically relevant concepts.

Question 32

Explain the historical background of the concept lifeboat ethics and state which of the basic ethical systems for making decisions was used by the crew at sea.

Question 33

Provide an analysis of the Oregon plan. Defend or refute the plan as an appropriate method to create a rational and ethical system.

Question 34

Differentiate between Medicare and Medicaid as national programs.

Question 35

Which of the basic theories, utilitarianism, libertarianism, or egalitarianism seems best suited to solve the U.S. health care crisis? Defend your answer with an ethically relevant argument.