Deck 18: Macromolecules

Question 1

Describe functional groups and linkage groups in polymers.

Answer 1

Polymerization requires monomers that contain reactive functional groups. A condensation reaction produces a linkage group and eliminates a small molecule.

Question 2

Describe polymers made by free radical polymerization.

Answer 2

Free radical polymerization includes initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Polymerizing mixtures of two different monomers to give copolymers increases the versatility of rubber materials. Cross-linking strengthens rubber material by creating chemical links between long-chain molecules.

Question 3

Describe polymers made by condensation polymerization.

Answer 3

Each monomer in a condensation polymerization has two functional groups. Polyamides include nylons, Kevlar®, and proteins. Polyesters include poly(ethylene terephthalate), Dacron, and Mylar.

Question 4

Recognize and describe some properties of plastics, fibres, and elastomers.

Question 5

Recognize and draw structures of monosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Question 6

Draw primary and secondary structures of DNA and RNA.

Question 7

Explain primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins.

Question 8

How do $\pi$ bond electrons differ from $\sigma$ bond electrons in C == C bonds?

A) $\pi$ bond electrons are located along the bond axis, and $\sigma$ bond electrons are located above and below the plane of the bond axis.
B) $\pi$ bond electrons are more tightly bound that $\sigma$ bond electrons thus explaining why double bonds are stronger than single bonds.
C) $\sigma$ bond electrons dominate the reactivity patterns of ethylene as they are more readily accessible.
D) $\sigma$ bond electrons are located along the bond axis, and $\pi$ bond electrons are located above and below the plane of the bond axis.
E) Both kinds of electrons are essentially equivalent.

Question 9

Which of the following are important polymer linkage groups?
I. ester
II. Carboxyl
III. Amide
IV. Amine
V. ether

A) I, IV and V
B) I, III and V
C) I, II,and V
D) I, II and III
E) III and IV

Question 10

What is the chemical formula for the following compound?

A) C₃H₇O₂N
B) C₅H₉O₂N
C) C₃H₉ON₂
D) C₄H₈O₂N
E) C₃H₄ON

Question 11

What functional groups are present in the ball and stick model shown below?
I. amine
II. Alcohol
III. carboxylic acid
IV. Ketone
V. thiol

A) I and IV
B) I and II
C) I and V
D) I and III
E) III only

Question 12

What is the linkage group and chemical formula for the following compound?

A) amine, C₆H₁₂NO
B) amine, C₆H₁₃NO
C) carbonyl, C₆H₁₃NO
D) amide, C₆H₁₂NO
E) amide, C₆H₁₃NO

Question 13

Which of the following will result in termination of polymer growth?

A) reaction of the radical chain with another alkene
B) reaction of the radical chain with a carbonyl
C) reaction of the radical chain with another radical chain
D) reaction of an two alkenes
E) absorption of light

Question 14

Which of the following would be a suitable initiator molecule for polymerization of ethylene?

A) HO^-
B) HO .
C) H₂O
D) H₃O⁺

Question 15

What is typically used as an initiation step for radical polymerization?

A) two alkenes reacting together
B) a peroxide bond being cleaved
C) two radicals reacting together
D) a radical reacting with an alkene
E) reaction of a radical with cleaved peroxide

Question 16

What is a typically propagation step for radical polymerization?

A) two alkenes reacting together
B) a peroxide bond being cleaved
C) two radicals reacting together
D) a radical reacting with an alkene
E) reaction of a radical with cleaved peroxide

Question 17

What is a typically termination step for radical polymerization?

A) two alkenes reacting together
B) a peroxide bond being cleaved
C) two radicals reacting together
D) a radical reacting with an alkene
E) reaction of an alcohol with an carboxylic acid

Question 18

What could a side group such as the one shown below be used for on a polymer?

A) used to make an elastomer
B) used to cross-link polymer chains
C) used to terminate
D) used in high density polymers
E) used to make a brittle polymer

Question 19

Which of the following are likely to participate in a condensation polymerization reaction?

A) ethylene glycol, HOCH₂CH₂OH
B) tetrafluorethylene, C₂F₄
C) propylene, C₃H₆
D) styrene, CH₂CHC₆H₆
E) peroxide, HOOH

Question 20

What bonds CANNOT be easily broken in the process of polymerization?

A) C=C
B) C-C
C) C-OH
D) N-H
E) O-H

Question 21

Thermoplastic materials

A) retain their structural integrity.
B) are highly cross-linked.
C) decompose irreversible when heated.
D) melt or deform on heating.
E) are always soft and semi-rigid.

Question 22

High density polyethylene

A) forms under conditions that produce branched chain CH₂ groups.
B) forms from linear molecules which maximize dispersion forces between aligned polymer molecules.
C) forms from branched chained polymers which maximizes the dispersion forces as molecules fit together like puzzle pieces.
D) is an amorphous polymer that melts at relatively low temperature.
E) is flexible and ideal for making squeeze bottles.

Question 23

Increasing the degree of cross-linking in a polymer

A) increases flexibility and increases strength.
B) decreases flexibility and decreases strength.
C) increases flexibility and decreases strength.
D) decreases flexibility and increases strength.

Question 24

How would you make a polymer that is strong and rigid for a container?

A) have branches on the polymer
B) cross-linking
C) add a metal catalyst
D) add an ingredient to hydrogen bond with the polymer
E) have more double bonds

Question 25

How would you make a polymer that is flexible and low in density?

A) have branches on the polymer
B) cross-linking
C) use a polymer with no branches
D) co-polymerizing
E) add a metal catalyst

Question 26

Cross-linking polymers results in

A) lower viscosity.
B) lower tensile strength.
C) greater density.
D) greater rigidity.
E) greater flexibility.

Question 27

What type of polymer would be best suited for a case that will contain heat-emitting equipment?

A) thermoplastic
B) thermoset
C) elastomer
D) fibre
E) lightly cross-linked

Question 28

What type of polymer would be best suited for an automobile bumper?

A) thermoplastic
B) thermoset
C) elastomer
D) fibre
E) lightly cross-linked

Question 29

Nylon rope, a polyamide fibre product, has a tendency to stretch when it becomes wet (during a rainstorm, for example). Why?

A) The water molecules act like plasticizers.
B) The water leads to cooling of the rope.
C) The nylon polymer molecules degrade in the presence of water.
D) The water molecules disrupt the intramolecular H bonds.
E) Cross-linkages are dissolved in water.

Question 30

Bungee jumpers use cords which

A) have a large degree of all cis configurations of double bonds.
B) have a large degree of all trans configurations of double bonds.
C) are made of a thermoset polymer.
D) are made of a highly cross-linked elastomer.
E) are made of Kevlar.

Question 31

Which of the polymer types listed below is most suitable for recycling?

A) thermoset
B) elastomer
C) urea-formaldehyde polymers
D) thermoplastics
E) vulcanized rubbers

Question 32

A glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides results in the formation of what two molecules?

A) water and disaccharide
B) disaccharide and starch
C) polysaccharide and water
D) starch and water
E) cellulose and glycogen

Question 33

A glycosidic bond is made of what type of functional group?

A) amide
B) ester
C) ether
D) ketone
E) polyester

Question 34

Olestra is a new oil substitute in the market where a hexose has fatty acids attached to the sugar via glycosidic bonds. What is the maximum number of glycosidic bonds possible in a hexose?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 35

Starch is

A) a disaccharide formed from $\alpha$ -glucose.
B) a disaccharide formed from $\beta$ -glucose.
C) a polysaccharide formed from $\alpha$ -glucose.
D) a polysaccharide formed from both $\alpha$ -glucose and $\beta$ -glucose.
E) a polysaccharide formed from the disaccharide amylase.

Question 36

Most animals can digest starch but NOT cellulose. What is the major difference between starch and cellulose?

A) type of sugar unit used to make the polymer
B) length of the polymer
C) type of glycosidic linkage
D) tertiary structure
E) molecular weight of the polymers

Question 37

What two functional groups are used to combine monosaccharides into polymers?

A) two alcohol groups
B) one alcohol and one carboxylic acid group
C) one alcohol and one amine group
D) one amine and one carboxylic acid group
E) two amine groups

Question 38

What intermolecular force keeps cellulose from moving past each other?

A) dispersion forces
B) hydrogen bonding
C) dipole interactions
D) ionic interactions
E) multiple cross-linking

Question 39

The mass, in nanograms, for a single DNA molecule (molar mass ca. 10⁹ g/mol) is

A) 1.7 x 10⁶ ng.
B) 1.7 x 10^-15 ng.
C) 1.7 x 10^-6 ng.
D) 6.0 x 10¹⁴ ng.
E) 6.0 x 10⁵ ng.

Question 40

What type of bonding holds the double stranded DNA together?

A) ionic
B) dipole interactions
C) hydrogen bonding
D) covalent bonding
E) dispersion forces

Question 41

Nucleic acids include which of the following?
I. nitrogen containing organic base
II. glycosidic linkage
III. pentose sugar
IV. carbonate linkage

A) I, II, III and IV
B) I and II
C) I and III
D) II and III
E) IV and I

Question 42

What type of bond is formed when adding DNA units onto a DNA strand?

A) glycosidic linkage
B) amide linkage
C) hydrogen bonds
D) phosphate linkage
E) ester linkage

Question 43

Which of the amino acids are hydrophobic?

A) A
B) A, B
C) A, B, C
D) A, B, D
E) B, E

Question 44

Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins is determined by

A) sequence of amino acids, hydrogen bonds, interaction of side chains with water.
B) sequence of amino acids, peptide linkages, hydrogen bonds.
C) order of the dipeptides, sequence of amino acids, hydrogen bonds.
D) number of dipeptides, hydrogen bonds, interactions of side chains with water.
E) sequence of amino acids, hydrogen bonds, double helix shape.

Question 45

How many products containing two amino acids can be formed from the following three amino acids?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 7

Question 46

What chemical bonding would characterize how proteins form secondary structures like beta sheets?

A) covalent bonding
B) thiol bonds (disulfide bridge)
C) ionic bonds
D) hydrogen bonding
E) dispersion forces

Question 47

Proteins CANNOT be which of the following?

A) metal storage centres
B) oxidation-reduction centres
C) n₂ transporters
D) reaction catalysts
E) sources of energy

Question 48

What chemical bonding would characterize how proteins are "locked" into tertiary structures?

A) dipole bonding
B) thiol bonds (disulfide bridge)
C) amide bonds
D) hydrogen bonding
E) dispersion forces

Question 49

Use the following amino acids for questions


-Which of the amino acids has a hydrophobic side chain?

A) II, IV
B) I, II, III
C) III, IV, V
D) I, III, IV
E) I, III, V

Question 50

Use the following amino acids for questions


-Which of the above is the line structure for tyrosine?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 51

Use the following amino acids for questions


-Which of the above is the line structure for methionine?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V

Question 52

Fill in the missing entries:‪

Question 53

Draw a representative molecule containing three carbons for each of the following.

Question 54

Draw a representative molecule containing three carbons for each of the following.

Question 55

Draw the product of the condensation reaction between dimethylamine (HN(CH₃)₂) and formic acid (H-C=O)-OH) H-(C= O)-OH H-N-(CH₃)₂

Question 56

Draw the product of the condensation reaction of 1-propanol with itself. CH₃CH₂CH₂OH.

Question 57

Draw the structures of two molecules that would form the molecule shown below in a condensation reaction.

Question 58

What is the expected product of the reaction between methanol (CH₃OH) and phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄)?

Question 59

What is the line structure for the compound containing an amide-linking group?

Question 60

From what monomer is acrylonitrile made from if the polymer looks like:

Question 61

Draw a line structure for a segment of the polymer polyvinyl chloride containing three monomer units (H₂C=CHCl).

Question 62

The compound 1,5-hexadiene (below) has two double bonds that can participate in adding to polymers. 1,5-Hexadiene: Draw a segment of a co-polymer of 1,5-hexadiene and ethylene in which only one double bond of 1,5-hexadiene is involved in the polymerization process. The ratio of ethylene to 1,5-hexadiene is 4:1.

Question 63

Draw the structure of the polymer made from cyclopentene, whose structure is shown below.

Question 64

How would a scientist make a co-polymer via radical polymerization out of two monomer units with a ratio of 3 to 1? Would the scientist be able to control the order of the addition of monomer units? That is, could the scientist guarantee that the order would be A-A-A-B-A-A-A-B-A-A-A-B- and so on? If so how?

Question 65

Indentify the linkage group and the molecule eliminated when adipic acid, (CH₂)₄(COOH)₂ and hexamethylenediamine, H₂N(CH₂)₆NH₂, polymerize via a condensation reaction to form Nylon 6,6.

Question 66

The polymer Lexan, shown below, is a condensation polymer formed with the elimination of an HCl molecule. Identify the monomers.

Question 67

Dacron is a polyester with the following structure. What is the structure of the monomer containing a phenyl group used to make this polymer?

Question 68

A polymer is being made and marketed by Cargill. This polymer is made from lactic acid, a by-product of ethanol production from corn. Draw the product of three lactic acids combined via condensation reactions.

Question 69

Sketch the polymer formed from the condensation of the molecules below. Include at least two units of each in your sketch.

Question 70

One way to synthesize polyamides is from acid chlorides and amines with the loss of HCl. Draw the structure of the combination of two units of each of the following monomers:

Question 71

Sketch a polymer made from the polymerization of three units of 1,3 dipropyl alcohol (HOCH₂CH₂CH₂OH ) via condensation reactions.

Question 72

Butadiene, CH₂=CH-CH=CH₂ (line drawing below), forms polymers that are used in elastomers. Write the structure of polybutadiene (at least three units included) and explain why this polymer would be more elastic than polyethylene.

Question 73

Complete the picture of ? -glucose where the information for carbons 1 and 5 have been left off.

Question 74

The structure shown below is $\alpha$ -glucose. If $\alpha$ -galactose differs from $\alpha$ -glucose only in the orientation of groups on the carbon in the fourth position, and $\alpha$ -glucose differs from $\alpha$ -glucose only in the orientation of groups on the carbon adjacent to the ring oxygen, draw the structure for $\beta$ -galactose. $\alpha$ -glucose

Question 75

What is the complementary structure for the following DNA base sequence: TGGCTTAAT?

Question 76

If the primary structure of a segment of RNA is UUGCAUUGC, what sequence of DNA was this transcribed from?

Question 77

Draw the structure of the nucleotide formed from the base adenine, ribose and phosphate shown below:

Question 78

Draw the structure of the nucleotide formed from the base thymine, ribose and phosphate shown below:

Question 79

Draw the four nucleotide nucleic acid with primary structure TTGC. Use the shorthand notation.

Question 80

Use the following amino acid structures to answer questions

-Give the formula for amino acid shown above as B.