Deck 12: The Evolution of Social Behavior

Question 1

Social behavior in which both the "actor" and the "recipient" benefit is known as ________.[three words]

Answer 1

mutualism/mutual benefit

Question 2

Multilevel selection/cooperation has been documented in ________.

A) bacteria
B) plants
C) humans
D) All of the above.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Social interaction between animals that benefits both the actor and the recipient is known as ________.

A) mutual benefit
B) selfishness
C) altruism
D) spite

Answer 3

A

Question 4

One would expect that conflicts between parents and offspring over parental investment would be the most pronounced in ________.

A) fish
B) amphibians
C) reptiles
D) birds

Question 5

The success of altruistic behavior hinges on the ability to distinguish kin from unrelated individuals.Hamilton proposed that an allele that produces a distinctive trait (i.e.,the greenbeard effect),along with altruistic behavior directed at the bearers of this trait,could drive such an altruistic allele to high frequencies in a population.This scenario has been discovered and studied in ________.

A) black-tailed prairie dogs
B) red squirrels
C) Belding's ground squirrel
D) slime molds

Question 6

Social behavior in which a penalty is imposed on the "recipient," while the "actor" also suffers a loss,is called ________.

Question 7

Social behavior between animals where the actor benefits at the expense of the recipient is called ________.

A) mutual benefit
B) selfishness
C) altruism
D) spite

Question 8

When one animal makes a sacrifice to support or benefit another,we call this ________.

A) mutual benefit
B) selfishness
C) altruism
D) spite

Question 9

The accompanying figure shows that the rate of alarm calls made by black-tailed prairie dogs is dependent on a perceived threat by a predator.This behavior affects ________.

A) the direct fitness of the caller
B) the indirect fitness of the caller
C) both the direct and indirect fitness of the caller
D) neither the direct nor indirect fitness of the caller

Question 10

The analysis of parent-offspring conflict in birds has generated some interesting observations. For example, researchers hypothesized that chicks should beg to be fed by their parents more loudly when their nestmates are less closely related. (See Figure A, where Of = optimal parental investment where the lost siblings are full sibs, and Oh for an offspring whose lost siblings are half sibs.) Do the data collected bear this out (Figure B)?
Figure A

Figure B

A) Yes, species that evolve extra-pair parentage also tend to evolve louder begging chicks.
B) No, the genetic relatedness of the chicks has nothing to do with the level of begging by chicks.
C) The data are inconclusive; no conclusion can be formulated.

Question 11

Hamilton's Rule is a simple expression that specifies the conditions under which altruism will increase in frequency.What is this expression?

Question 12

Social interaction between animals where one individual imposes a penalty on another,and in so doing suffers a loss,is termed ________.

A) mutual benefit
B) selfishness
C) altruism
D) spite

Question 13

Social behavior in which the "actor" makes a sacrifice for the benefit of the "recipient" is called ________.

Question 14

The accompanying figure shows that the rate of alarm calls made by black-tailed prairie dogs is dependent on a perceived threat by a predator.This behavior most closely approximates that predicted by ________.

A) mutual benefit
B) selfishness
C) altruism
D) spite

Question 15

Which hypothesis has been proposed to explain the evolution of eusociality?

A) the haplodiploidy hypothesis
B) the Monogamy hypothesis
C) the ecology/life history hypothesis
D) All of the above.

Question 16

Social behavior in which the "actor" benefits at the expense of the "recipient" is termed ________.

Question 17

One of the keys to understanding altruistic behavior is that ________.

A) the end result of what appears to be altruism on face value is actually an increase in the fitness of the "actor"
B) Darwin himself recognized that this is a fatal flaw in his theory of natural selection
C) other members of the population will share alleles with the "actor"
D) altruism is just another form of selfishness

Question 18

The form of natural selection that leads to an increase in the frequency of alleles which promote the fitness of genetic relatives is called ________.

A) direct selection
B) indirect selection
C) inclusive selection
D) kin selection

Question 19

A measure of the reproductive fitness of an individual without the help of others is known as ________.

A) direct fitness
B) indirect fitness
C) inclusive fitness
D) kin selection

Question 20

A measure of the reproductive fitness of genetic relatives resulting from the actions of an individual is called ________.

A) direct fitness
B) indirect fitness
C) inclusive fitness
D) kin selection

Question 21

Compare and contrast,in general terms,cooperative breeding in birds,as described in your text with the case study on the white-fronted bee-eaters,also described in your text.

Question 22

All cases of altruism (along with some cases of mutual benefit)in which we find behaviors that are selected for because they are beneficial to the recipient are collectively known as ________.

Question 23

The exchange of favors between genetically unrelated individuals,to the benefit of both,is termed ________.

Question 24

Does kin selection also apply to humans? Use specific examples to support your case.

Question 25

The existence of a hypothetical allele that confers a distinctive,recognizable trait,along with altruistic behavior toward others with this trait,was coined the ________ [two words] by Richard Dawkins.

Question 26

The descriptive term ________ was coined to refer to animals that have overlapping adult generations in which nonreproductive individuals cooperate to care for young.

Question 27

Explain Hamilton's Rule in the context of altruistic behavior.

Question 28

The sum total of an individual's direct and indirect fitness is known as ________.[two words]

Question 29

Kin selection does not always work universally and without constraints.Describe and explain,using examples,two different case scenarios of parent-offspring conflict.

Question 30

In the insect order Hymenoptera (ants,bees,and wasps),males are haploid and females are diploid.Explain the logic behind the haplodiploidy hypothesis as a potential source of eusociality in these animals.