Chat with AIExam 12: The Evolution of Social Behavior
Kin selection does not always work universally and without constraints.Describe and explain,using examples,two different case scenarios of parent-offspring conflict.
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotOne case scenario of parent-offspring conflict can be seen in the behavior of cuckoo birds. Cuckoos are brood parasites, meaning they lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species and rely on the host birds to raise their young. This creates a conflict between the cuckoo parent and the host parent, as the host parent is investing resources in raising offspring that are not genetically related to them. The host parent may try to recognize and reject cuckoo eggs from their nest, while the cuckoo parent may evolve strategies to mimic the appearance and behavior of the host species' chicks in order to avoid detection and increase their chances of successful parasitism. This conflict demonstrates how kin selection does not always work universally, as the host parent is not benefiting from raising the cuckoo offspring and may evolve counter-strategies to protect their own genetic interests.
Another case scenario of parent-offspring conflict can be seen in the behavior of some mammal species, such as lions. In lion prides, dominant males will often kill the offspring of rival males in order to bring the females back into estrus and increase their own reproductive success. This creates a conflict between the dominant male and the offspring of rival males, as the offspring are at risk of infanticide in order to further the dominant male's genetic lineage. This conflict demonstrates how kin selection does not always work without constraints, as the dominant male is acting in his own genetic interest at the expense of the offspring's survival. In response, female lions may evolve strategies to protect their offspring, such as hiding them or forming alliances with other females to increase the chances of survival for their young.
In both of these case scenarios, we can see how parent-offspring conflict can arise due to competing genetic interests, and how kin selection may not always work universally or without constraints. These examples highlight the complexity of evolutionary dynamics and the ways in which genetic interests can come into conflict within family groups.
The success of altruistic behavior hinges on the ability to distinguish kin from unrelated individuals.Hamilton proposed that an allele that produces a distinctive trait (i.e.,the greenbeard effect),along with altruistic behavior directed at the bearers of this trait,could drive such an altruistic allele to high frequencies in a population.This scenario has been discovered and studied in ________.
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VerifiedD
The analysis of parent-offspring conflict in birds has generated some interesting observations. For example, researchers hypothesized that chicks should beg to be fed by their parents more loudly when their nestmates are less closely related. (See Figure A, where Of = optimal parental investment where the lost siblings are full sibs, and Oh for an offspring whose lost siblings are half sibs.) Do the data collected bear this out (Figure B)? 
Figure A
Figure B
Figure A
Figure B (37) VerifiedA
Does kin selection also apply to humans? Use specific examples to support your case.
(40) Social interaction between animals that benefits both the actor and the recipient is known as ________.
(39) The sum total of an individual's direct and indirect fitness is known as ________.[two words]
(28) The form of natural selection that leads to an increase in the frequency of alleles which promote the fitness of genetic relatives is called ________.
(31) Compare and contrast,in general terms,cooperative breeding in birds,as described in your text with the case study on the white-fronted bee-eaters,also described in your text.
(40) In the insect order Hymenoptera (ants,bees,and wasps),males are haploid and females are diploid.Explain the logic behind the haplodiploidy hypothesis as a potential source of eusociality in these animals.
(32) Explain Hamilton's Rule in the context of altruistic behavior.
(35) Which hypothesis has been proposed to explain the evolution of eusociality?
(39) All cases of altruism (along with some cases of mutual benefit)in which we find behaviors that are selected for because they are beneficial to the recipient are collectively known as ________.
(38) The exchange of favors between genetically unrelated individuals,to the benefit of both,is termed ________.
(42) Social behavior in which both the "actor" and the "recipient" benefit is known as ________.[three words]
(37) Social behavior in which a penalty is imposed on the "recipient," while the "actor" also suffers a loss,is called ________.
(36) Social interaction between animals where one individual imposes a penalty on another,and in so doing suffers a loss,is termed ________.
(39) Hamilton's Rule is a simple expression that specifies the conditions under which altruism will increase in frequency.What is this expression?
(39) The accompanying figure shows that the rate of alarm calls made by black-tailed prairie dogs is dependent on a perceived threat by a predator.This behavior most closely approximates that predicted by ________. 
(36) When one animal makes a sacrifice to support or benefit another,we call this ________.
(33) One of the keys to understanding altruistic behavior is that ________.
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