Deck 5: Cognitive Engineering

Question 1

HIP (human information processing) is a model about user activity, which involves human resources such as:

A) legs
B) perceptual processor
C) strength
D) energy
E) arms

Answer 1

perceptual processor

Question 2

HIP, which stands for ___ is an important model used in HCI cognitive engineering.

A) Human Impression Processing
B) Human Information Processing
C) Hardware Installation Practice
D) Human Interaction Program
E) Human Involvement Program

Answer 2

Human Information Processing

Question 3

User task performance reflects the ___ of performing a task

A) usefulness and usability
B) time and space
C) cost and benefit
D) efficiency and effectiveness
E) investment and reward

Answer 3

efficiency and effectiveness

Question 4

Cognitive performance reflects:

A) team size required for doing a task
B) time and space of performing an art work
C) cost and benefit of a finished project
D) profit obtained from an investment
E) speed and accuracy of performing an information-processing task

Question 5

The accuracy of an information processing task, which together with speed reflect the cognitive performance, depends on:

A) the capacity of human information system to actively collect data
B) the ability of human information system to generate information from scratch
C) the capacity of human memory to store data
D) the processing rate of human information system
E) the data transfer speed within human information system

Question 6

Automatic behavior refers to behavior characterized by:

A) fast and physically undemanding physical process
B) relatively slow and physically demanding physical process
C) fast and cognitively undemanding cognitive process
D) relatively slow and cognitively demanding cognitive process
E) fast and affectively undemanding affective process

Question 7

Automatic behavior is a kind of:

A) physical processes
B) controlled processes
C) spontaneous processes
D) cognitive processes
E) affective processes

Question 8

An example of automatic behavior is:

A) inventing a new device
B) design the structure of a building
C) developing a computer program
D) composing a new song
E) copying a file

Question 9

Controlled behavior refers to behavior characterized by:

A) fast and physically undemanding physical process
B) relatively slow and physically demanding physical process
C) fast and cognitively undemanding cognitive process
D) relatively slow and cognitively demanding cognitive process
E) fast and affectively undemanding affective process

Question 10

In HCI design, controlled behavior is an issue concerned with:

A) investment analysis
B) hardware procurement
C) physical engineering
D) cognitive engineering
E) affective engineering

Question 11

An example of controlled behavior is:

A) inventing a new device
B) typing an article
C) entering data into a spreadsheet
D) copying a file
E) clicking a mouse

Question 12

Units of images usually have relations that are:

A) in sequence
B) in parallel
C) random
D) in circle
E) undetectable

Question 13

Processing of images is characterized as:

A) logical
B) sequential
C) holistic
D) linguistic
E) procedural

Question 14

Which of the following statements about image processing is appropriate?

A) Processing of images is superior than processing of verbal information in human computer interaction;
B) Processing of images is more sequential than processing of verbal information;
C) Processing of images is more procedural than processing of verbal information;
D) Processing of images is more holistic than processing of verbal information;
E) Processing of images is slower than processing of verbal information;

Question 15

The functional and logical relationships between verbal descriptions are usually:

A) parallel
B) without any pattern
C) in color
D) picture-based
E) procedural

Question 16

Processing of verbal information is characterized as:

A) linguistic
B) abstract
C) spatial
D) holistic
E) graphic

Question 17

Which of the following statements about verbal information processing is appropriate?

A) Processing of verbal information is superior than processing of images in human computer interaction;
B) Processing of verbal information is more linguistic than processing of images
C) Processing of verbal information is more holistic than processing of images;
D) Processing of verbal information is more spatial than processing of images
E) Processing of verbal information is always faster than processing of images;

Question 18

Heuristics are rules of thumb to perform a task that depend heavily on:

A) weather
B) temperature
C) task content
D) blood pressure
E) wage rate

Question 19

Heuristics are a kind of:

A) task requirements
B) requirements for task-doers
C) requirements for task-doing context
D) task-doing rules
E) system configurations

Question 20

In the following statements about heuristics, the appropriate one is:

A) Heuristics tend to use as much cognitive resources as possible;
B) Heuristics are independent from the context;
C) Heuristics are independent from the task content;
D) Heuristics never fail;
E) Heuristics are vulnerable to changes in context.

Question 21

Constructing metaphors is a kind of:

A) task requirements
B) cognitive process
C) physical analysis
D) task-doing rules
E) system configurations

Question 22

In the following statements about metaphor, the appropriate one is:

A) Metaphors are only helpful to expert users of computers;
B) Metaphors refer to the unorganized knowledge that is relevant to a task;
C) Metaphors help users overcome cognitive limitations in complex tasks;
D) The picture inserted in a MS Word file is an example of metaphor;
E) Metaphors are built on concepts that users are not familiar with.

Question 23

In HCI cognitive engineering, mental models refer to human representations of:

A) a language
B) a furniture
C) an organization
D) a task
E) conceptual structure of a device or a system

Question 24

Which of the following statements about mental models, appropriate:

A) Mental models help users overcome cognitive limitation in complex tasks;
B) Mental models are human representations of a future hospital for patients with mental problems;
C) Mental models provide a summary of the user characteristics of a system;
D) Mental models are estimates of mental level of users of a device;
E) Mental models are non-executable.

Question 25

Complexity of HCI refers to the amount of ___ resources needed for interacting with the computer to accomplish a task.

A) organizational
B) human
C) natural
D) physical
E) financial

Question 26

In human-computer interaction, a factor that can affect the complexity of a task perceived by a user could be:

A) the day that the task should be done
B) the room size of the working space
C) the system used for this task
D) the payment to be given to the task-doer
E) the education level of the system developer

Question 27

Which of the following statements about "perceived complexity of HCI" is correct?

A) Given the same task and the same system to be used for the task, the perceived complexity of HCI of all users would be the same;
B) Given the same task and the same task doer, the complexity of HCI perceived when using different computer system should be the same;
C) Given the same computer system and the same task doer, the perceived complexity of HCI for different tasks should be the same;
D) Given the same task and the same task doer, when the system to be used for the task changes, the perceived complexity of HCI would vary as well;
E) Perceived complexity of HCI has nothing to do with the task doer, the task requirements and the system to be used for the task.

Question 28

Gulf of execution is:

A) the distance between the computerized implementation of a user's goal and its evaluation by the user;
B) the difference between psychological world and emotional world;
C) the gap between the performance of a task taken by different users;
D) the gap between the expectation of a project manager and the performance of a project member;
E) the gap between a user's goal and its computerized implementation

Question 29

Gulf of evaluation refers to:

A) the gap between the computerized implementation of a user's goal and its evaluation by the user;
B) the gap between a user's goal and its computerized implementation
C) the difference between psychological world and emotional world;
D) the gap between the performance of a task taken by different users;
E) the gap between the expectation of a project manager and the performance of a project member;

Question 30

In Norman's seven stage model of user activity, which of the following is a stage in the direction from HUMAN to COMPUTER:

A) evaluation
B) interpretation
C) perception
D) action specification
E) presentation

Question 31

Based on Norman's seven stage model of user activity, one stage in the direction from COMPUTER to HUMAN is:

A) execute an action
B) form the intention that will accomplish a goal
C) specify the action sequence to implement an intention
D) present results of an action
E) evaluate the interpretation against the expectation based on intentions

Question 32

Please select the appropriate statement about Norman's seven stage model of user activity from the following:

A) The seven stages jointly describe a user activity for a particular goal;
B) The seven stages jointly describe all users activity at a general level;
C) Each of the seven stages can independently describe a user activity for a particular goal;
D) Each of the seven stages can independently describe all users activity at a general level;
E) The seven stages only partially explain a user interaction with computer

Question 33

Which of the following is an element of GOMS model?

A) goals
B) origin
C) management
D) maintenance
E) systems

Question 34

In a GOMS description, the role of operators is:

A) to specify what the user wants and intends to achieve;
B) to act as the building blocks for describing human-computer interaction at the concrete level;
C) to predict which method will be used in specific situations;
D) to operate the computer automatically without commands from the user;
E) to act as an assistant for the user during his/her interaction with the computer.

Question 35

GOMS model is used to:

A) analyze users' physical interaction with computers;
B) describe the research methodology for HCI;
C) define the human processor and memory needed for a user activity;
D) identify the most efficient strategy to perform a task;
E) provide a checklist for decision-making tasks.

Question 36

GOMS is the abbreviation for:

A) goal, order, means, summary
B) grade, order, mission, solution
C) goal, origin, means, solution
D) goal, operator, methods, selection
E) grade, order, means, summary

Question 37

Errors refer to deviations from:

A) international standards
B) industry standards
C) audience expectation
D) the best practice
E) intentional behavior

Question 38

An error in skill-based behavior can be caused by:

A) inattention
B) first exceptions
C) countersigns
D) information overload
E) encoding deficiencies

Question 39

Overattention is a cause for errors in skill-based behavior. Which of the following is an example of overattention?

A) In the use of a new word processor, the user kept using the old function key which was no longer valid;
B) While typing, the user checked the work from time to time before it was necessary, and typed repeated characters;
C) The user answered a phone call during typing, and resumed from the wrong place after the call;
D) The user aimed to press one key, but hit another one instead;
E) The user tried to do a "paste" right after a "cut", but the "cut" wasn't done successfully.

Question 40

Skill-based behavior has the characteristic of:

A) being ill-defined
B) requiring generation of new rules of behavior
C) requiring minimal cognitive resources
D) being cognitively demanding
E) being contingent on particular situation

Question 41

An example of skill-based behavior is:

A) diagnosing a failure in computer operation
B) writing a research paper
C) designing a new device
D) entering students' exam scores into a grade system
E) creating a handicraft

Question 42

Rule-based behavior has the characteristic of:

A) requiring creation of new knowledge
B) being categorized as automatic behavior
C) requiring extensive cognitive resources
D) being contingent on particular situation
E) being performed with rules regardless of the context

Question 43

An example of Rule-based behavior is:

A) diagnose a physical problem of a patient
B) drafting the design of a new building
C) composing a song
D) transcribing a speech
E) judging the quality of a product against standards

Question 44

Knowledge-based behavior has the characteristic of:

A) requiring generation of new rules of behavior
B) being demanding of human physical resources
C) being categorized as little-controlled behavior
D) requiring huge investment on equipments
E) being rule-directed

Question 45

An example of knowledge-based behavior is:

A) copying a file
B) developing a new advertisement design
C) typing a report
D) moving a mouse
E) checking shipment items for each online order against its item list

Question 46

Cognitive fit in HCI refers to the fit between:

A) requirements of a task and the task doer's education level
B) user's cognitive capacity and cognitive requirements for using a system
C) characteristics of user's problem solving strategy and problem representation displayed on the screen
D) use's problem strategy and problem-solving tools provided by a system
E) user's mood and task requirements

Question 47

An appropriate statement about cognitive fit in the following is:

A) To enhance the cognitive fit between users and a system, developers need to do comprehensive health exams with all expected users;
B) Cognitive fit comes from a good match between users' cognitive capacity and a system's configuration;
C) Cognitive fit is an issue that only need to be considered after the implementation of a system;
D) Cognitive fit can be seen as a determinant of low HCI complexity;
E) A cognitive fit could exist between a text representation (such as a description about a location) and a spatial problem (such as navigation).