Deck 10: Middle Childhood: Emotional and Social Development

Question 1

Francesca is showing a great deal of interest in how things work and how they are made. She has begun making beaded jewelry and has learned how to sew. According to Erikson's stages of development, Francesca is probably in which stage of development?

A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) initiative vs. guilt
C) industry vs. inferiority
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Answer 1

industry vs. inferiority

Question 2

Jerry is constantly chided for being clumsy. He is also always picked last for team sports activities and games. Jerry claims that he is not athletic and avoids these activities but maintains that he is a good person and is a good math student. These self-assessments Jerry makes are examples of his _________, which are _________.

A) self-concepts; domain-specific
B) self-concepts; global
C) self-images; overall
D) global self-esteems; domain-specific

Answer 2

self-concepts; domain-specific

Question 3

Regina is overweight but maintains a cheerful outlook, is popular, and is confident of her abilities. Regina knows that looks aren't everything and chooses to focus on her strengths instead of dwelling on her appearance. It can be said that she has:

A) positive regard
B) positive self-esteem
C) delusions of grandeur
D) an inferiority complex

Answer 3

positive self-esteem

Question 4

Ms. Wilkins frequently tells her class that they are just great. Upon completion of an assignment, Ms. Wilkins always responds with "Good job!" regardless of the number of mistakes. She has taught the class a song called "I'm the Best" and has the class sing it every morning. Ms. Wilkins is instilling ___________ in her students.

A) earned self-esteem
B) true self-esteem
C) global self-esteem
D) collective pride

Question 5

According to research cited in your textbook, schools that provide the tools for academic success are the most effective because students achieve academic success and:

A) global self-esteem
B) earned self-esteem
C) positive self-image
D) performance anxiety

Question 6

Based on a cross-sectional study of self-esteem, results indicated:

A) girls under the age of 13 had lower self-esteem than boys under 13
B) adolescent boys had lower self-esteem than adolescent girls did
C) elementary girls had a better body image than elementary boys did
D) across all age groups, both boys and girls wished to lose weight

Question 7

Leonard is extremely aggressive-hitting and shoving children who do not do his bidding. He gets into fights on a daily basis in the schoolyard and on the school bus. Most of his peers are afraid of him and some adults are put off by his behavior as well. Although he is repeatedly reprimanded, he does not change his behavior. What actions do you think his school is likely to take?

A) They will call his parents after each incident and ask that he be punished.
B) They will suspect that he is emotionally disabled and may call for an IEP.
C) They will ignore the behavior, thinking it is probably just a phase he is going through.
D) They will put Leonard in a time-out for each incident.

Question 8

Seven-year-old Nicholas is unable to redirect his emotions. When he is sad or angry he will throw a tantrum and cannot console himself. He is also unable to read his mother's facial expressions of disapproval and the emotional expressions of his friends. According to the textbook, Nicholas most likely:

A) has learned to express himself in this way in the years up to his current age of 7
B) has an innate need to behave in this way which most likely cannot be changed
C) has the typical way of dealing with his feelings for children aged 7 through 12
D) has not yet had the usual emotional development of children aged 7 through 12

Question 9

Lately Karim has been having trouble sleeping. When his mother asks what is bothering him he is unable to pinpoint anything in particular. He says that he is worried about the future. It can be said that Karim is suffering from:

A) fear
B) anxiety
C) phobia
D) reactive disorder

Question 10

Leah owns a small poodle and loves dogs. One day as she walked past a house, a large dog suddenly came running toward her, barking loudly. Leah screamed and ran across the street. Her reaction is a result of:

A) fear
B) anxiety
C) phobia
D) reactive disorder

Question 11

Marnie refuses to ride on elevators. It can be said that Marnie:

A) is fearful of elevators
B) feels anxiety about elevators
C) has a phobia about elevators
D) suffers from a reactive disorder

Question 12

Which of the following situations can be accompanied by stress?

A) Living in a high-crime neighborhood
B) Performing solo for the whole school
C) Taking home a very good report card
D) Any of these can be a source of stress

Question 13

An important moderator of stress is a person's perception of whom or what is responsible for the outcome of events and behaviors in his or her life. This is called:

A) mechanism of control
B) locus of control
C) fear factor
D) locus of fear

Question 14

Monica has several lucky charms. She uses them to protect her from harm and to promote good fortune. Recently when Monica got an A on an exam, she attributed it to her lucky rabbit's foot. Monica believes in:

A) cause and effect
B) merit
C) internal control
D) external control

Question 15

Mohamed recently won the state swimming championship for his age group. He attributed his winning the championship to training and practicing every day. Mohamed believes in:

A) luck
B) fate
C) internal control
D) external control

Question 16

Which of the following statements is NOT true about traumatic events?

A) They are pervasive in children's lives.
B) Events such as hurricanes and earthquakes can harm a child's emotional well-being.
C) Post-traumatic stress disorder is a response only to man-made events, such as war.
D) Witnessing another person's death can harm a child's psychological well-being.

Question 17

Ten-year-old Penelope witnessed her house burning to the ground. She is now showing signs of PTSD. What can her parents do to help her?

A) They can tell her to grow up and just deal with it.
B) Change her regular routines to help her forget the incident.
C) Acknowledge her feelings and plan a family activity.
D) They can be very careful to avoid any mention of fires.

Question 18

Over the past 30 years the employment rate for single mothers has ___________ and the employment rate for married mothers has ____________ with school-aged children.

A) decreased; increased
B) increased; decreased
C) decreased; decreased
D) increased; increased

Question 19

According to the research cited in your textbook, mothers who work outside the home:

A) have lower self-esteem and thus are less effective parents
B) have higher self-esteem and so are more effective parents
C) there are no differences in their levels of self-esteem
D) none of these

Question 20

According to the research cited in your textbook, stepfathers are more likely to engage in activities with the children if they are:

A) living independent lives
B) older
C) younger
D) athletic

Question 21

According to the U.S. Census data cited in your textbook, a mother's cohabitating partner or "father figure":

A) reported the lowest income of all "father" types
B) reported the least amount of time engaged in activities with residential children
C) reported the least amount of warmth felt toward residential children
D) all of these

Question 22

According to the National Fatherhood Initiative's study, Father Facts, cited in your textbook, what percent of children in father-absent homes in the United States have not seen their fathers at all during the past year?

A) 20 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 23

Compared to 25 years ago, U.S. families:

A) are smaller, and fewer children grow up with siblings.
B) are smaller, but most children have at least one sibling.
C) are larger, and more children now grow up with siblings.
D) are the same size, but there are fewer siblings per family.

Question 24

Howard and Lenny are brothers. Howard helps Lenny with homework and is a sounding board for such issues as sex and drugs. It is most likely that Howard:

A) is older than Lenny
B) is younger than Lenny
C) is trying to act more mature though he is the same age as Lenny
D) is not a good influence on Lenny

Question 25

According to the research cited in your textbook, sibling relationships improve when:

A) the siblings work out the relationship for themselves.
B) mothers are taught strategies to promote child sharing.
C) fathers enforce strict rules of behavior.
D) they are in different schools.

Question 26

Sophie has joined a group at school called Banana Splits. She meets with her peers and a school psychologist to share feelings and experiences and is taught how to deal with feelings of loss, helplessness, anxiety, and anger. This group is for children experiencing:

A) the symptoms of eating disorders
B) relocation to a new community
C) parental separation and divorce
D) the death of a family member

Question 27

Which of the following is true concerning children of divorce?

A) Children living with a same-sex parent were happier, more mature, more independent, and had more self-esteem.
B) The levels of conflict before, during, and after a divorce has no effect on children's development.
C) In divorces where the mothers are granted custody of the children, there is no significant loss of income for the family.
D) The age of the child has no bearing on the child's reaction to divorce.

Question 28

Research cited in your textbook suggests that children born to single mothers are:

A) more likely to grow up in poverty.
B) more likely to spend their childhood without two parents.
C) themselves more likely to become single parents.
D) all of these.

Question 29

The percentage of divorced parents that remarry is:

A) 25 to 30 percent
B) 35 to 40 percent
C) 45 to 50 percent
D) 75 to 80 percent

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true about children in later childhood?

A) They become more concerned with their friends' status than with their internal qualities.
B) They become less self-directed.
C) They begin to choose their own social contacts with peers.
D) They are less concerned with caring, loyalty, and trust in their friendships.

Question 31

Which of these is a function of peer groups?

A) they teach children important lessons about being marginalized
B) they let children exercise independence from adult controls
C) they teach children important lessons about inequality
D) they prevent the transmission of informal knowledge

Question 32

The tendency for children to separate themselves into same-sex peer groups is called:

A) genderization
B) gender cleavage
C) differentiation
D) gender grouping

Question 33

Which statement is true about body image?

A) Girls display greater concern with body image.
B) Boys display greater concern with body image.
C) Girls and boys display the same amount of concern with body image.
D) Children are not concerned with body image.

Question 34

Gerald, who is large for his age, is often deliberately aggressive toward Howie, who is thin and sickly. Gerald is exhibiting ____________ behavior.

A) prosocial
B) assertive
C) bullying
D) regressive

Question 35

Prejudice is:

A) an accurate reflection in a diverse racial/ethnic group situation of how people really feel or what they think
B) an innate characteristic of most young children
C) a system of negative conceptions, feelings, and actions about a particular racial or religious group
D) a universal social phenomenon which by its nature is impossible to change

Question 36

The majority of children in the United States attend:

A) private schools
B) charter schools
C) home schools
D) public schools

Question 37

According to your textbook, what are the functions of schools?

A) to teach cognitive and general skills
B) to transmit cultural goals and values
C) to be a "sorting and sifting agency"
D) all of these are functions of schools

Question 38

The activation of inner states and processes that prompt, direct, and sustain activity is called:

A) motivation
B) sustainment
C) impulsiveness
D) entrainment

Question 39

Marty works very hard in school. He says that he does so in order that he will have top grades, be on the honor roll, and attain a scholarship. What kind of motivation is driving Marty?

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) egotistical
D) obligatory

Question 40

Jillian practices her flute every day for 2 hours. She says that she does this because she loves music and she enjoys playing the flute. Her motivation is:

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) egotistical
D) obligatory

Question 41

Johnnie doesn't try hard when it comes to schoolwork. He feels that no matter how hard he studies, the result is a matter of luck. Most probably Johnnie has:

A) an internal locus of control
B) an external locus of control
C) intrinsic motivation
D) extrinsic motivation

Question 42

Martha knows that when she studies for a test she is sure to get a better grade. Whenever a test is given, she studies because she knows it will have an effect. Most probably Martha has:

A) an internal locus of control
B) an external locus of control
C) intrinsic motivation
D) extrinsic motivation

Question 43

Studies have shown that the higher the socioeconomic status of children's families:

A) the less likely they will be to participate in extracurricular activities
B) the higher their rates of failure, truancy, and suspension will be
C) the lower their scores will be on academic achievement tests
D) the greater number of formal grades the children will complete

Question 44

According to the research cited in your textbook, schools:

A) teach the values of diverse racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds
B) are neutral with respect to the teaching of values
C) promote the development of middle-class values
D) discourage the teaching of any kinds of values

Question 45

The educational self-fulfilling prophecy means that:

A) teacher expectations can affect how well students learn
B) teachers' salaries can affect the way that teachers teach
C) socioeconomic status can affect how well students learn
D) student performance can affect the way teachers teach

Question 46

With regard to the education of Hispanic youth, researchers believe that:

A) they perform better in an environment of group cooperation
B) they perform better on tasks which require individual effort
C) cultural background is not an important factor in education
D) family support is not an important factor in their education

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a factor associated with healthy child development?

A) good self-esteem
B) participating in church or extracurricular activities
C) having regular household chores
D) ignoring negative emotions

Question 48

Label and describe Erikson's fourth stage of development regarding middle childhood.

Question 49

Describe the difference between self-image and self-concept and give examples.

Question 50

Discuss some of the research findings regarding the effect on children of divorce.

Question 51

What are the developmental functions of children's peer groups during middle childhood?

Question 52

What is gender cleavage and what is its significance for middle childhood?