Deck 9: Relationships and Social Development

Question 1

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Attachment behaviors

Answer 1

Infants' built-in behaviors, such as crying, cooing, smiling, looking at, and reaching for caregivers, that attract attention and elicit care.

Question 2

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Attachment Q-sort

Answer 2

A rating system that can be used outside of a laboratory setting to assess individual differences in infant-caregiver attachment relationships.

Question 3

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Attachment relationship

Answer 3

The special relationship that develops over the first year of life between infants and the adults who care for them.

Question 4

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Bidirectional

Question 5

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Question 6

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Distal parenting

Question 7

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Dyadic synchrony

Question 8

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Effectance

Question 9

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Ethnotheories

Question 10

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Goodness-of-fit

Question 11

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Indiscriminate friendliness

Question 12

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Insecure-avoidant attachment

Question 13

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Insecure-resistant attachment

Question 14

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Internal working model

Question 15

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Maltreatment

Question 16

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Postpartum depression

Question 17

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Proximal parenting

Question 18

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Reactive attachment disorder (RAD)

Question 19

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Secure attachment relationship

Question 20

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Sensitivity

Question 21

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Strange Situation

Question 22

When researchers refer to children's "horizontal" relationships, they have in mind all of the following except

A) relationships with siblings
B) relationships with peers
C) relationships with friends
D) relationships with parents

Question 23

In the United States, all of the following statement about infants' and toddlers' living arrangements are true except

A) the majority of all children under age three live in a household with two parents
B) approximately 25 percent of all African American children under age three live with a single mother
C) living arrangements for children younger than age three vary across categories of race/ethnicity
D) African American children younger than age three are more likely than other children to live with a grandparent

Question 24

Studies of cross-cultural differences in parents' management of infants' and toddlers' sleep have found all of the following except

A) Dutch parents are more concerned with providing their newborns with rest and regularity, whereas U.S. parents focus on providing stimulating interaction
B) Italian and Japanese parents are sympathetic to their young children's sleep problems and are more likely to report co-sleeping than are nonHispanic white parents in the United States
C) in the United States, nonHispanic white parents are more likely to report co-sleeping than are African American parents
D) in cultures that value interpersonal relatedness, parents reinforce this socialization goal through close physical contact with infants and toddlers

Question 25

Robin and her 5-month-old son have developed their own style of interaction, which includes looking at each other often, sharing emotions, and communicating vocally and verbally. Researchers would say that their interactions are characterized by

A) dyadic synchrony
B) unidirectionality
C) horizontality
D) dual socialization

Question 26

Which of the following is supported by studies of father-infant caregiving and interaction?

A) Fathers tend to be less engaged in childcare tasks when both parents are employed outside of the home.
B) Fathers often become more involved during the toddler period, after children begin to walk and talk.
C) Fathers tend to be more involved caring for infants when mothers idealize their own family of origin.
D) Fathers and mothers tend to engage in equal amounts of physical play with young children.

Question 27

A sense of despair and sadness so pervasive that it affects new mothers' ability to care for and interact effectively with their infants is termed

A) baby blues
B) maternal anxiety
C) postpartum depression
D) perinatal negativity

Question 28

All of the following statements about maternal depression are accurate except

A) the effects of maternal depression on infants and their development are positive if the depression lasts less than 9 months
B) infants who experience maternal depression show negative, "depressed" behavior themselves, even when interacting with nondepressed adults
C) without intervention and treatment, depression-related disturbances in early infant-mother interactions are associated with poor cognitive outcomes at 18 months
D) infants of depressed mothers who are cared for by a nondepressed parent or caregiver are more likely to be able to engage in positive interactions

Question 29

All of the following statements about maltreatment are supported by research except

A) the effects of child maltreatment are so severe that they can rarely be buffered by the presence of a nonabusive caregiver
B) toddlers who are physically abused are more likely to be more aggressive and to have less empathy toward others' emotions than toddlers who are not physically abused
C) prolonged maltreatment is linked to higher levels of stress hormones than briefer exposure to abuse and neglect
D) the quality of the infant-caregiver attachment relationship tends to be poor and jeopardizes other relationships in which maltreated children participate

Question 30

Studies of early institutionalization and social deprivation have found that

A) Abuse or neglect that occurs before the age of 18 months causes no lasting physical or emotional harm.
B) Many adoptees from orphanages show indiscriminate friendliness - behavior that is adaptive in institutional settings but creates parenting stress in adoptive family settings.
C) Modifications to institutional settings, such as reducing the child-caregiver ratio, do little to diminish the harmful effects of group living in an orphanage.
D) Most previously institutionalized children fail to develop normal attachment relationships in their adoptive families.

Question 31

William was adopted from a Russian orphanage at the age of 12 months. Compared to children from the same orphanage who were adopted before the age of 6 months, William will probably

A) be more advanced physically and cognitively
B) suffer less from stunted growth
C) have more emotional and social problems
D) develop a more secure attachment relationship with his new family

Question 32

According to attachment theory, all of the following statements are true except

A) over the course of the first year of life, infants create internal working models that represent their caregiving experiences
B) attachment behaviors have to be learned, a process that takes most of the first year of life
C) infants begin to differentiate between their usual caregiver and a stranger between 2 and 7 months of age, showing a preference for their usual caregiver between 6 and 9 months
D) from 7 to 24 months, infants' increasing mobility offers them new ways to show their preference for a particular caregiver by seeking to be close to him or her when they are distressed or uncertain about a situation

Question 33

Research indicates that a secure attachment relationship depends upon all of the following occurring except

A) high levels of maternal sensitivity
B) dyadic synchrony
C) responsiveness to infants' distress
D) natural child birth and breast feeding

Question 34

A widely used assessment of attachment security that is based on observations of behavior in a laboratory setting is the

A) Attachment Q-Sort
B) Strange Situation
C) Dyadic Assessment
D) Synchrony Scale

Question 35

All of the following statements about attachment are supported by research except

A) securely attached infants use the caregiver as an effective source of comfort when the infant is distressed
B) securely attached infants hug their caregivers, whereas insecurely attached infants rarely make physical contact with their caregivers
C) infants with insecure-resistant attachment resist making contact or even show anger and distress when the caregiver returns
D) insecure-avoidant infants may behave as they do because their caregivers have been overstimulating or intrusive during their interactions

Question 36

Out of the following groups, the highest rate of disorganized/disoriented attachment has been found in

A) middle-class samples
B) lower income samples
C) samples in which child has been physically abused or neglected
D) samples in which the mother is an adolescent

Question 37

Clarence, a "difficult" baby, often wakes during the night and is more easily upset than most infants his age. Studies of attachment suggest that Clarence

A) will most likely become insecurely attached to his mother
B) may become securely attached to his mother if she is able to be flexible and learn how to adapt her behavior to Clarence's needs
C) will become securely attached if his mother follows a set schedule and does not "give in" when Clarence fusses
D) will become securely attached once he grows out of his "difficult" stage

Question 38

Ruth (from Israel), Midori (from Japan), Maria (from Mexico), and Heidelise (from Germany) meet at the park when they bring their 2-year-olds there to play every day. They begin talking about the "ideally secure" child and discover that

A) they agree about the amount of physical contact that the "ideal" child should maintain with the mother
B) they agree that the "ideal" child should use the mother as a base for exploration
C) there are few differences in their views about the "ideal" child's willingness to interact with other adults
D) there is little variability in their belief about the importance of the "ideal" child showing positive emotions when complying with the mother's requests

Question 39

Longitudinal studies of infant-caregiver attachment

A) tend to contradict the findings of cross-sectional studies
B) show that infants who are securely attached receive higher ratings in childhood and adolescence on measures of social skills
C) indicate that a history of disorganized/disoriented attachment is not a risk factor for developing psychopathology
D) infant attachment classifications rarely change, even when life circumstances and the caregiving environment change

Question 40

All of the following observations about becoming a sibling have been supported except

A) it is unusual for firstborn children to experience the birth of a sibling negatively
B) children younger than 18 months tend to show little disruption and negativity in comparison with preschool-age children
C) preschool-age boys tend to react more negatively than preschool-age girls to the birth of a younger sibling
D) firstborn children respond more positively to the birth of a sibling if they and their friends engage in fantasy and pretend play that involves sibling-related themes

Question 41

Sibling conflicts

A) are relatively rare, so most studies of siblings focus on cooperation and positive play
B) often become more aggressive as infant siblings develop cognitively and socially
C) undermine children's understanding of others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
D) are unrelated to conflicts involving peers

Question 42

Compared with peer relationships, sibling relationships

A) involve fewer conflicts
B) are usually more emotional, in both positive and negative ways
C) tend to be physically more distant
D) involve more cooperation and flexibility

Question 43

All of the following have been found in studies of siblings except

A) older siblings rarely serve as their younger sibling's secure base for exploration
B) siblings typically play complementary roles, such as leader and follower
C) older siblings are more likely to direct positive behaviors toward their young sibling if their mother refers to the younger sibling's emotions or actions
D) sibling relationships change from nearly vertical in early childhood to nearly horizontal by the end of adolescence

Question 44

When 4-year-old Juan and 2-year-old Carlos, brothers who get along well most of the time, visited the home of their father's coworker for the first time, Carlos did not want to leave their mother's side until Juan took his hand and encouraged him to play ball in the backyard. This episode shows that

A) older siblings are bossy
B) Juan appears to be securely attached to their mother, but Carlos seems to be insecurely attached to her
C) Juan provided a secure base for Carlos, enabling him to explore the new environment
D) Carlos feels emotionally closer to his brother than to their mother

Question 45

Martha wants her firstborn son to have a good relationship with his newborn brother. To help them get along together, she should try to do all of the following except

A) talk with her older son about his baby brother's needs and feelings
B) promote a secure attachment relations by responding to the baby's distress quickly and sensitively, just as she did when her older son was an infant
C) be understanding if her older son becomes more clingy or aggressive for a while or even develops problems sleeping or using the toilet
D) send her older son to stay with his grandparents for a few weeks after the baby comes home

Question 46

Studies of interactions involving toddlers indicate all of the following except

A) groups of unacquainted peers behave differently with one another than do groups of peers who are well acquainted
B) toddlers who know each other well may exhibit unexpectedly advanced activities when playing together
C) very young children should be credited with the capacity to form true friendships
D) very young children's friendships are different from older children's friendships because they possess companionship but lack mutual affection and intimacy

Question 47

Toddlers who are friends

A) tend to be complementary in their activity levels, interaction styles, and social skills, much like siblings of different ages
B) prefer playing with a same-sex peer as early as 30 months of age
C) change their choices of playmates frequently (friendship is unstable before the age of three)
D) often have their friendship overlooked by parents and teachers because their friendship looks different from the friendship of older peers

Question 48

Studies indicate that parents should influence children's peer relationships and social competence in all of the following ways except by

A) providing rules and enforcing standards when their children play with peers
B) monitoring play activities between their children and peers
C) choosing specific social activities
D) avoiding engaging with their sons in play that is physical and competitive, since those forms of play tend to elicit negative emotions

Question 49

All of the following have been found in studies of peer relationships and friendships except

A) firstborn children's friendships may help buffer negative effects of the birth of a sibling
B) peers and friends tend to play together more and have more conflicts than do siblings
C) children tend to be more cooperative and flexible when interacting with friends than with siblings
D) parents play an important role in the development of their children's social competence with peers

Question 50

Which of the following child care policies would be most compatible with the findings of studies of very young children's friendship?

A) When children are old enough to move to the next age grouping in the child care setting, move them with at least one child who is a friend.
B) Children make friends so easily at this age that they won't miss the children from the younger age group; they should be moved up to the next age grouping on their own.
C) True friendship does not exist until children are at least three years old, so no special efforts are required when moving younger children into and out of different groups.
D) The primary relationships that matter for children younger than age three are the relationships with their caregivers and parents, followed by sibling relationships, and then peer relationships. Child care groups should be formed so that they are like small families, diverse in interests, abilities, sex, and age.

Question 51

Josie and Jasmine attend the same child care center and are in the same classroom. Given that they are friends, they are likely to engage in all of the following activities except

A) smiling and laughing together while looking at each other
B) choosing the same activities during free play time
C) frequent episodes of conflict about which games to play when they go outside
D) excluding other children from their conversations and activities