Deck 10: Temperament, Emotions, and the Self

Question 1

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Committed compliance

Answer 1

Children's tendency to follow parents' directives and requests with a minimum of prompting and reminding.

Question 2

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Conscience

Answer 2

An internal set of standards that guide behavior.

Question 3

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Emotional contagion

Answer 3

A phenomenon in which facial, vocal, or gestural cues of one person give rise to a similar or related state in another person.

Question 4

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Emotion regulation

Question 5

What is the definition of the following terms?
-High-reactive

Question 6

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Inhibited to novelty

Question 7

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Low-reactive

Question 8

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Mutually responsive orientation (MRO)

Question 9

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Primary emotions

Question 10

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Secondary emotions

Question 11

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Self-conscious (social) emotions

Question 12

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Self-referential language

Question 13

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Situation compliance

Question 14

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Social referencing

Question 15

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Still-face paradigm

Question 16

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Temperament

Question 17

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Uninhibited to novelty

Question 18

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Visual self-recognition

Question 19

All of the following dimensions are included in most definitions of temperament except

A) reactivity
B) activity level
C) emotional responsiveness
D) security of attachment

Question 20

According to a classic study by Thomas and Chess, ratings on the major dimensions of temperament elicit three major classifications

A) inhibited, uninhibited, and neutral
B) easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
C) wired, mellow, and average
D) irritable, placid, and average

Question 21

Most studies of infant temperament use

A) observations in the infant's home
B) observations in the laboratory
C) parental report questionnaires
D) neurophysiological responses

Question 22

Studies employing neurophysiological responses to measure temperament have found all of the following except

A) there are few differences between extremely shy and extremely bold children in heart rate reactivity to unfamiliar people and events
B) inconsistent correlations exist between infants' temperament classification and levels of the stress hormone cortisol
C) high reactive infants appear to be genetically predisposed to have a lower threshold for activation of the sympathetic nervous system
D) compared to uninhibited children, inhibited children show greater pupilary dilation and larger changes in blood pressure in response to novel stimuli

Question 23

Advantages of using parental reports to assess infant temperament include all of the following except

A) parents have more experience with their infants across a wide range of settings
B) parental reports and questionnaires are less expensive to use than observational methods
C) there are often low to moderate levels of agreement between mothers and fathers when rating the same infant
D) parents know whether an infant's behavior in a particular setting is typical or unusual

Question 24

In Kagan's laboratory studies of individual differences in infants' responses to novel situations, all of the following have been found except

A) two groups of children have been identified - inhibited to novelty and uninhibited to novelty
B) high reactive infants show extreme degrees of motor activity and negative emotions, whereas low reactive infants showed low levels of motor activity and rarely became emotionally upset
C) there is little continuity between infants' responses at 4 months and their responses when tested repeatedly up to the age of 13
D) initial predispositions may be altered by subsequent experience, including parents' efforts to help inhibited children learn to feel more comfortable in novel situations

Question 25

Temperamental difficultness has been linked to all of the following except

A) lower security of attachment
B) poorer cognitive development
C) stunted physical growth
D) less optimal personality development

Question 26

Four-month-old Andrew is participating in a study of his response to a variety of novel stimuli. When his mother brings him to the laboratory, he is presented with mobiles, novel toys, the sound of an unfamiliar woman's voice, and a strong smelling substance. According to the researchers, he is a "high reactive" infant. When Andrew returns for the next phases of the longitudinal study at 14 and 21 months and is presented with a person wearing a gas mask, a blood pressure cuff, and other unusual situations, he will most likely

A) be classified as "average" -- a classic example of regression to the mean
B) be classified as "high reactive" again
C) have little or no reaction, making it impossible for the researchers to classify him
D) be classified as 'low reactive"

Question 27

Which of the following is most consistent with findings of studies of infant temperament and later personality?

A) Brandon, who was socially inhibited as an infant, is no longer inhibited as an adolescent
B) Kelly, who was a high reactive infant, is less inhibited than other young adults
C) Martin, who was more impulsive as a 3-yar-old, is less likely than other young adults to avoid harm and risks than other young adults
D) Gloria, who had a difficult temperament as an infant, is just as patient and sociable as other young adults

Question 28

All of the following conclusions are supported by studies of temperament except

A) early temperament measures are relatively good predictors of later personality
B) infant temperament provides a context for subsequent development but does not inevitably lead to particular outcomes
C) neurophysiological measures of infant temperament tend to be consistent with measures that are based on parental ratings
D) parental ratings of temperament are inevitably flawed due to their lack of objectivity

Question 29

Primary emotions are

A) a set of emotions that appear toward the end of the first year of life
B) envy, shame, pride, and guilt
C) relatively easy for most adults to notice and interpret correctly
D) have no apparent survival value

Question 30

All of the following statements about secondary emotions are accurate except

A) they are also known as self-conscious emotions
B) they are sometimes called social emotions
C) they require the ability to engage in self-reflective thought
D) they are expressed primarily through facial expressions rather than body posture

Question 31

The phenomenon in which facial, vocal, or gestural cues of one person give rise to a similar or related state in another person is known as

A) secondary emotional communication
B) emotional contagion
C) intermodal expression
D) social referencing

Question 32

The _____ paradigm is a widely used laboratory procedure for studying emotional communication between infants and caregivers.

A) strange situation
B) social referencing
C) still face
D) perspective taking

Question 33

In the phenomenon of ___, infants respond to emotional cues from parents and other adults, particularly in situations that are ambiguous or unfamiliar, in order to gather information about how to behave and feel in those situations.

A) the still face
B) social referencing
C) self-evaluation
D) mutual responsiveness

Question 34

_____ is the process through which emotions are monitored, appraised, and modified in relation to goals.

A) Secondary evaluation
B) Emotional contagion
C) Emotion regulation
D) Situational compliance

Question 35

When 2-year-old Rolf felt overwhelmed by the sights and sounds of a July 4^th fireworks display, he turned away from them and covered his ears. This is an example of

A) situational compliance
B) mutually responsive orientation
C) social referencing
D) emotion regulation

Question 36

If a mother, standing at the "deep" end of the visual cliff, displays a fearful facial expression for her 12-month-old infant at the "shallow" end of the apparatus, her child most likely will

A) crawl across to see what is scaring her
B) stay on the shallow end
C) turn around and crawl backwards across the apparatus
D) stand up and walk across the cliff in order to reach her more quickly

Question 37

All of the following are evidence that 2-year-old Simon has begun to develop a conscience except

A) he is aware of the rules in his child care setting and states them when other children misbehave (e.g., "we don't bite our friends")
B) he tries to clean up juice after he spills it
C) he makes little effort to fix a toy after he has broken it
D) he shows emotional distress when he is told that he has violated a rule about sharing toys in his child care setting

Question 38

Jade helps clean up toys without having to be prompted or reminded, and she claps her hands and says, "All done!" when the task is complete. Researchers would probably say that Jade is exhibiting

A) situational compliance
B) committed compliance
C) signs of conscience
D) emotion regulation

Question 39

Studies using the rouge test have shown that

A) most 12-month-olds recognize themselves in a mirror
B) self-recognition emerges before name-recognition
C) most children touch the spot of rouge on their nose by about 18 months
D) objective self-awareness develops at the same time as subjective self-awareness

Question 40

A study comparing cultures that use proximal, distal, and intermediate styles of caregiving found that

A) infants in the culture with the proximal caregiving style developed self-recognition later than infants in the other cultures
B) infants in the culture with the distal caregiving style developed self-regulation earlier than infants in the other cultures
C) differences across theses cultures emerged only for the development of infants' self-regulation
D) there were no differences across these cultures in the development of infants' self-recognition

Question 41

Studies of self-evaluation show that

A) at 2 and 3 years of age, children increasingly respond to and look for evaluative feedback about their actions
B) as the sense of self develops, children are less likely to look to parents and other adults for evaluative feedback about their actions
C) children become increasingly likely to use words rather than nonverbal (whole-body) ways of communicating self-evaluative feelings such as pride and embarrassment
D) children show negative self-evaluative emotions earlier than they show positive self-evaluative emotions

Question 42

When two- and three-year-old children realize that they have failed at a task in an experiment, they tend to do all of the following except

A) show "open" body postures
B) show "closed" body postures
C) express negative emotions by pouting or frowning
D) equate failing at the task with failing to comply with the experimenter's instructions

Question 43

All of the following tend to occur after children show objective self-recognition except

A) referring to themselves as specific individuals
B) commenting on their own emotions and internal states
C) using personal pronouns, such as "me" and "mine"
D) insisting on having others help them more with everyday tasks, such as getting dressed

Question 44

All of the following statements about the developing self are supported by research except

A) parents' statements to and about their infants play an important role in the self that is constructed throughout infancy and early childhood
B) parents who are critical or demanding about their child's performance in one domain may inadvertently make their child anxious about achievement in other domains
C) parental praise is irrelevant to children's developing sense of themselves as competent
D) children who hear comments like "Nice job picking up your toys" show feelings of pride that are incorporated into their self-representation

Question 45

After the age of about _____, children who succeed at learning how to make a new toy work tend to look for acknowledgement from the nearby adult who demonstrated how the toy works before giving it to them to try.

A) 12 months
B) 15 months
C) 18 months
D) 22 months

Question 46

Two-year-old Duncan, a participant in a study of self-evaluation, is trying to complete a difficult puzzle, but he doesn't realize that he is trying to make a piece from a different puzzle fit into the one in front of him. After trying unsuccessfully for a while, Duncan is most likely to

A) keep working on the puzzle, showing no emotion
B) lose interest and stop trying to finish the puzzle
C) make eye contact with the nearby experimenter
D) show "open" body postures

Question 47

Twenty-month-old Jessie rejects offers of help at meal time and insists on serving herself, just like the rest of her family. She behaves the same way in her child care setting, insisting on putting on and trying to zip her jacket on her own. Based on this behavior, it is likely that Jessie

A) was a "difficult" infant
B) has not yet developed secondary emotions
C) would show self-recognition in the rouge test
D) is a "spoiled" child who has been indulged too much by her parents

Question 48

Ann, a new mother, hopes to enhance and reinforce her identical twin sons' sense of self. If she uses a _____ caregiving style, she may be able to accelerate their boys' self-recognition.

A) distal
B) proximal
C) situational
D) committed