Question 1

In Kagan's laboratory studies of individual differences in infants' responses to novel situations, all of the following have been found except

Accepted Answer

A)  two groups of children have been identified - inhibited to novelty and uninhibited to novelty 
B)  high reactive infants show extreme degrees of motor activity and negative emotions, whereas low reactive infants showed low levels of motor activity and rarely became emotionally upset 
C)  there is little continuity between infants' responses at 4 months and their responses when tested repeatedly up to the age of 13 
D)  initial predispositions may be altered by subsequent experience, including parents' efforts to help inhibited children learn to feel more comfortable in novel situations 
A)  two groups of children have been identified - inhibited to novelty and uninhibited to novelty 
B)  high reactive infants show extreme degrees of motor activity and negative emotions, whereas low reactive infants showed low levels of motor activity and rarely became emotionally upset 
C)  there is little continuity between infants' responses at 4 months and their responses when tested repeatedly up to the age of 13 
D)  initial predispositions may be altered by subsequent experience, including parents' efforts to help inhibited children learn to feel more comfortable in novel situations C

Question 2

All of the following statements about the developing self are supported by research except

Accepted Answer

A)  parents' statements to and about their infants play an important role in the self that is constructed throughout infancy and early childhood 
B)  parents who are critical or demanding about their child's performance in one domain may inadvertently make their child anxious about achievement in other domains 
C)  parental praise is irrelevant to children's developing sense of themselves as competent 
D)  children who hear comments like "Nice job picking up your toys" show feelings of pride that are incorporated into their self-representation 
A)  parents' statements to and about their infants play an important role in the self that is constructed throughout infancy and early childhood 
B)  parents who are critical or demanding about their child's performance in one domain may inadvertently make their child anxious about achievement in other domains 
C)  parental praise is irrelevant to children's developing sense of themselves as competent 
D)  children who hear comments like "Nice job picking up your toys" show feelings of pride that are incorporated into their self-representation C

Question 3

In the phenomenon of ___, infants respond to emotional cues from parents and other adults, particularly in situations that are ambiguous or unfamiliar, in order to gather information about how to behave and feel in those situations.

Accepted Answer

A)  the still face 
B)  social referencing 
C)  self-evaluation 
D)  mutual responsiveness 
A)  the still face 
B)  social referencing 
C)  self-evaluation 
D)  mutual responsiveness B

Question 4

_____ is the process through which emotions are monitored, appraised, and modified in relation to goals.

Accepted Answer

A)  Secondary evaluation 
B)  Emotional contagion 
C)  Emotion regulation 
D)  Situational compliance 
A)  Secondary evaluation 
B)  Emotional contagion 
C)  Emotion regulation 
D)  Situational compliance

Question 5

Which of the following is most consistent with findings of studies of infant temperament and later personality?

Accepted Answer

A)  Brandon, who was socially inhibited as an infant, is no longer inhibited as an adolescent 
B)  Kelly, who was a high reactive infant, is less inhibited than other young adults 
C)  Martin, who was more impulsive as a 3-yar-old, is less likely than other young adults to avoid harm and risks than other young adults 
D)  Gloria, who had a difficult temperament as an infant, is just as patient and sociable as other young adults 
A)  Brandon, who was socially inhibited as an infant, is no longer inhibited as an adolescent 
B)  Kelly, who was a high reactive infant, is less inhibited than other young adults 
C)  Martin, who was more impulsive as a 3-yar-old, is less likely than other young adults to avoid harm and risks than other young adults 
D)  Gloria, who had a difficult temperament as an infant, is just as patient and sociable as other young adults

Question 6

Advantages of using parental reports to assess infant temperament include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  parents have more experience with their infants across a wide range of settings 
B)  parental reports and questionnaires are less expensive to use than observational methods 
C)  there are often low to moderate levels of agreement between mothers and fathers when rating the same infant 
D)  parents know whether an infant's behavior in a particular setting is typical or unusual 
A)  parents have more experience with their infants across a wide range of settings 
B)  parental reports and questionnaires are less expensive to use than observational methods 
C)  there are often low to moderate levels of agreement between mothers and fathers when rating the same infant 
D)  parents know whether an infant's behavior in a particular setting is typical or unusual

Question 7

Four-month-old Andrew is participating in a study of his response to a variety of novel stimuli. When his mother brings him to the laboratory, he is presented with mobiles, novel toys, the sound of an unfamiliar woman's voice, and a strong smelling substance. According to the researchers, he is a "high reactive" infant. When Andrew returns for the next phases of the longitudinal study at 14 and 21 months and is presented with a person wearing a gas mask, a blood pressure cuff, and other unusual situations, he will most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  be classified as "average" -- a classic example of regression to the mean 
B)  be classified as "high reactive" again 
C)  have little or no reaction, making it impossible for the researchers to classify him 
D)  be classified as 'low reactive" 
A)  be classified as "average" -- a classic example of regression to the mean 
B)  be classified as "high reactive" again 
C)  have little or no reaction, making it impossible for the researchers to classify him 
D)  be classified as 'low reactive"

Question 8

Most studies of infant temperament use

Accepted Answer

A)  observations in the infant's home 
B)  observations in the laboratory 
C)  parental report questionnaires 
D)  neurophysiological responses 
A)  observations in the infant's home 
B)  observations in the laboratory 
C)  parental report questionnaires 
D)  neurophysiological responses

Question 9

The phenomenon in which facial, vocal, or gestural cues of one person give rise to a similar or related state in another person is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary emotional communication 
B)  emotional contagion 
C)  intermodal expression 
D)  social referencing 
A)  secondary emotional communication 
B)  emotional contagion 
C)  intermodal expression 
D)  social referencing

Question 10

Jade helps clean up toys without having to be prompted or reminded, and she claps her hands and says, "All done!" when the task is complete. Researchers would probably say that Jade is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

A)  situational compliance 
B)  committed compliance 
C)  signs of conscience 
D)  emotion regulation 
A)  situational compliance 
B)  committed compliance 
C)  signs of conscience 
D)  emotion regulation

Question 11

Studies of self-evaluation show that

Accepted Answer

A)  at 2 and 3 years of age, children increasingly respond to and look for evaluative feedback about their actions 
B)  as the sense of self develops, children are less likely to look to parents and other adults for evaluative feedback about their actions 
C)  children become increasingly likely to use words rather than nonverbal (whole-body) ways of communicating self-evaluative feelings such as pride and embarrassment 
D)  children show negative self-evaluative emotions earlier than they show positive self-evaluative emotions 
A)  at 2 and 3 years of age, children increasingly respond to and look for evaluative feedback about their actions 
B)  as the sense of self develops, children are less likely to look to parents and other adults for evaluative feedback about their actions 
C)  children become increasingly likely to use words rather than nonverbal (whole-body) ways of communicating self-evaluative feelings such as pride and embarrassment 
D)  children show negative self-evaluative emotions earlier than they show positive self-evaluative emotions

Question 12

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Emotional contagion

Accepted Answer

A phenomenon in which facial,

Question 13

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Visual self-recognition

Accepted Answer

An early aspect of the self, m

Question 14

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Situation compliance

Accepted Answer

Children's tendency to require

Question 15

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Self-conscious (social) emotions

Accepted Answer

Emotions that involve the comp

Question 16

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Mutually responsive orientation (MRO)

Accepted Answer

A relationship quali

Question 17

According to a classic study by Thomas and Chess, ratings on the major dimensions of temperament elicit three major classifications

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibited, uninhibited, and neutral 
B)  easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up 
C)  wired, mellow, and average 
D)  irritable, placid, and average 
A)  inhibited, uninhibited, and neutral 
B)  easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up 
C)  wired, mellow, and average 
D)  irritable, placid, and average

Question 18

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Secondary emotions

Accepted Answer

A set of emotions -- embarrass

Question 19

The _____ paradigm is a widely used laboratory procedure for studying emotional communication between infants and caregivers.

Accepted Answer

A)  strange situation 
B)  social referencing 
C)  still face 
D)  perspective taking 
A)  strange situation 
B)  social referencing 
C)  still face 
D)  perspective taking

Question 20

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Primary emotions

Accepted Answer

A set of emotions -- distress,

In Kagan's laboratory studies of individual differences in infants' responses to novel situations, all of the following have been found except

All of the following statements about the developing self are supported by research except

In the phenomenon of ___, infants respond to emotional cues from parents and other adults, particularly in situations that are ambiguous or unfamiliar, in order to gather information about how to behave and feel in those situations.

_____ is the process through which emotions are monitored, appraised, and modified in relation to goals.

Which of the following is most consistent with findings of studies of infant temperament and later personality?

Advantages of using parental reports to assess infant temperament include all of the following except

Most studies of infant temperament use

The phenomenon in which facial, vocal, or gestural cues of one person give rise to a similar or related state in another person is known as

Jade helps clean up toys without having to be prompted or reminded, and she claps her hands and says, "All done!" when the task is complete. Researchers would probably say that Jade is exhibiting

Studies of self-evaluation show that

What is the definition of the following terms? -Emotional contagion

What is the definition of the following terms? -Visual self-recognition

What is the definition of the following terms? -Situation compliance

What is the definition of the following terms? -Self-conscious (social) emotions

What is the definition of the following terms? -Mutually responsive orientation (MRO)

According to a classic study by Thomas and Chess, ratings on the major dimensions of temperament elicit three major classifications

What is the definition of the following terms? -Secondary emotions

The _____ paradigm is a widely used laboratory procedure for studying emotional communication between infants and caregivers.

What is the definition of the following terms? -Primary emotions

Beliefs About Babies: Historical Perspectives on Children and Childhood

Research Methods

Genetics, Conception, and Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn

Physical Growth, Health, and Nutrition

Sensation, Perception, and Motor Development

Cognition, Learning, and Intelligence

Language and Communication

Relationships and Social Development

Building Better Babies: Childcare and Early Intervention

Babies of Today and Tomorrow: Music, Media, and Computers

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Exam 10: Temperament, Emotions, and the Self

In Kagan's laboratory studies of individual differences in infants' responses to novel situations, all of the following have been found except

All of the following statements about the developing self are supported by research except

In the phenomenon of ___, infants respond to emotional cues from parents and other adults, particularly in situations that are ambiguous or unfamiliar, in order to gather information about how to behave and feel in those situations.

_____ is the process through which emotions are monitored, appraised, and modified in relation to goals.

Which of the following is most consistent with findings of studies of infant temperament and later personality?

Advantages of using parental reports to assess infant temperament include all of the following except

Most studies of infant temperament use

The phenomenon in which facial, vocal, or gestural cues of one person give rise to a similar or related state in another person is known as

Jade helps clean up toys without having to be prompted or reminded, and she claps her hands and says, "All done!" when the task is complete. Researchers would probably say that Jade is exhibiting

Studies of self-evaluation show that

What is the definition of the following terms? -Emotional contagion

What is the definition of the following terms? -Visual self-recognition

What is the definition of the following terms? -Situation compliance

What is the definition of the following terms? -Self-conscious (social) emotions

What is the definition of the following terms? -Mutually responsive orientation (MRO)

According to a classic study by Thomas and Chess, ratings on the major dimensions of temperament elicit three major classifications

What is the definition of the following terms? -Secondary emotions

The _____ paradigm is a widely used laboratory procedure for studying emotional communication between infants and caregivers.

What is the definition of the following terms? -Primary emotions

Beliefs About Babies: Historical Perspectives on Children and Childhood

Research Methods

Genetics, Conception, and Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn

Physical Growth, Health, and Nutrition

Sensation, Perception, and Motor Development

Cognition, Learning, and Intelligence

Language and Communication

Relationships and Social Development

Building Better Babies: Childcare and Early Intervention

Babies of Today and Tomorrow: Music, Media, and Computers

Filters