Deck 1: The History of Crime and Corrections

Question 1

What was the first penitentiary designed to house sentenced offenders in the United States called?

A) Western State Penitentiary
B) Walnut Street Jail
C) Eastern State Penitentiary
D) Sing Sing Prison

Answer 1

Walnut Street Jail

Question 2

How do correctional agencies fulfill their mission?
I. By imprisoning offenders who receive a sentence of incarceration from the courts
II. By assisting courts in the decision to grant bail
III. By supervising offenders in the community under court jurisdiction

A) I, II
B) II, III
C) I, III
D) I, II, III

Answer 2

I, II, III

Question 3

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the Walnut Street Jail?

A) Prisoners were allowed to congregate during the day to work in factories to improve the production of goods.
B) It introduced the idea of releasing offenders on a conditional basis, leading to the development of parole.
C) Prison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison, to avoid identification in case they met each other after release.
D) It was an architectural nightmare, built in an octagon with small, dark cells inside the cellblocks to provide solitary confinement and no labor.

Answer 3

Prison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison, to avoid identification in case they met each other after release.

Question 4

What is defined as a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime?

A) punishment guide
B) penal code
C) correctional system
D) fee system

Question 5

What is the hands-off doctrine?

A) avoidance by the U.S. Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators
B) a theory of corrections that offenders were sick, inflicted with problems that caused their criminality
C) a conclusion by Robert Martinson that no correctional treatment program reduces recidivism
D) a four-stage system of graduated release from prison and return to the community

Question 6

What was the emphasis in the Rehabilitative Era?

A) having inmates work and produce products that could help in making the prisons self-sustaining
B) the professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training, and the implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management
C) reformation that expanded education and vocational programs and focused offenders' attention on their future
D) holding offenders accountable for their acts and being tough on criminals while keeping them isolated from law-abiding citizens

Question 7

Which of the following links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism?

A) hedonistic calculus
B) the Positive School of criminology
C) the Classical School of criminology
D) atavism

Question 8

Which theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act?

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Gabriel Tarde
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Jeremy Bentham

Question 9

Which of the following is based on the belief that criminals do NOT have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control?

A) the Neoclassical School
B) the Positive School
C) the hedonistic calculus
D) the Classical School

Question 10

Who among the following concluded that criminals had traits that made them throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution?

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Voltaire

Question 11

What is specific deterrence?

A) the recognition that criminal acts result in punishment, and the effect of that recognition on society that prevents future crimes
B) the incarceration of high-risk offenders for preventive reasons based on what they are expected to do, not what they have already done
C) the state of relapse that occurs when offenders complete their criminal punishment and then continue to commit crimes
D) the effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes

Question 12

Which early colonial bail system enabled rich offenders to pay a fee and be released?

A) correctional system
B) separate and silent system
C) system of gaols
D) fee system

Question 13

Whose efforts in jail reform led to the passing of the Penitentiary Act in 1779?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) John Howard
C) William Penn
D) Gabriel Tarde

Question 14

What did the Quakers' criminal code include?

A) the use of stocks and pillories instead of detention
B) corporal punishments instead of imprisonment
C) capital punishment for thefts and religious crimes
D) free food and lodging for inmates

Question 15

The original features of the Pennsylvania system included all but which of the following?

A) separation
B) silence
C) reformation of inmates
D) working with other inmates

Question 16

Which of the following was a problem with the Pennsylvania system?
I. It had low productivity.
II. It was expensive.
III. It made inmates mentally ill.

A) I, II
B) I, III
C) II, III
D) I, II, III

Question 17

Which system was known as the "congregate and silent" system?

A) Pennsylvania system
B) Auburn system
C) fee system
D) Irish system

Question 18

Sir Walter Crofton was the head of which system?

A) Auburn system
B) Pennsylvania system
C) Irish system
D) fee system

Question 19

Which correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future?

A) Industrial Prison Era
B) Retributive Era
C) Rehabilitative Era
D) Reformatory Era

Question 20

The Walnut Street jail had the reformation of the offender as its primary objective.

Question 21

In the United States, the rate of imprisonment decreased by almost 20 percent between 1980 and 2015.

Question 22

Recidivism is a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime.

Question 23

Atavism implied that criminals are born, and criminal behavior is predetermined.

Question 24

Most offenders are sentenced to probation and supervised in the community by probation or parole officers.

Question 25

Prisons were used in colonial times as a punishment for crime.

Question 26

The Retributive Era is a return to the Positive School of criminality, in which offenders have free choice to commit their crimes.

Question 27

General deterrence presumes that others in society will not commit crimes because they see that there is a punishment for such acts, and that individuals receive the prescribed punishments.

Question 28

Restorative justice models of sentencing shift the focus away from reactive, punishment-oriented sentencing.

Question 29

The criminal justice system has made many adjustments to involve victims in the process of sentencing criminals.

Question 30

During the 1950s, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective.

Question 31

There is a large numerical difference between the number of crimes reported and the number of offenders convicted and facing any specific correctional sanction.

Question 32

The amount of money directed to criminal justice agencies has decreased greatly in recent years.

Question 33

The number of offenders on probation, in prison, and on parole has decreased significantly between 1980 and 2015.

Question 34

Under the medical model, offenders were believed to be "sick," inflicted with problems that caused their criminality.

Question 35

________ is the study of punishment for criminal acts.

Question 36

________ is defined as the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders.

Question 37

The Code of ________ is one of the earliest known penal codes.

Question 38

The three governmental levels of correctional systems are ________, state, and local.

Question 39

The idea that the main objective of an intelligent person is to achieve the most pleasure and the least pain is the basis of the concept of ________ calculus.

Question 40

________ is the existence of features common in the early stages of human evolution, and implies that criminals are born, and criminal behavior is predetermined.

Question 41

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, England removed criminals from society by sending them to its colonies through ________.

Question 42

The state of Pennsylvania's first two prisons were the Western State Penitentiary and the ________ State Penitentiary.

Question 43

The ________ Prison Era, from 1910 to 1935, emphasized manufacture of products by inmates and aimed at making prisons self-sustaining.

Question 44

Enforced idleness, lack of professional programs, and excessive size and overcrowding of prisons is characteristic of the Period of ________.

Question 45

The hands-off doctrine restricted ________ intervention in the operation of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators.

Question 46

The ________ model is a theory of corrections based on the belief that offenders were sick and needed to be diagnosed and treated.

Question 47

________ is the correctional goal emphasizing the infliction of pain or suffering.

Question 48

The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes is called ________ deterrence.

Question 49

Match the sentencing goal with its appropriate definition.

-Retribution

A) Emphasis on repaying victim for wrong
B) Emphasis on treatment of offender
C) Emphasis on crime prevention
D) Emphasis on pain and suffering as punishment
E) Emphasis on removal of liberties

Question 50

Match the sentencing goal with its appropriate definition.

-Deterrence

A) Emphasis on repaying victim for wrong
B) Emphasis on treatment of offender
C) Emphasis on crime prevention
D) Emphasis on pain and suffering as punishment
E) Emphasis on removal of liberties

Question 51

Match the sentencing goal with its appropriate definition.

-Rehabilitation

A) Emphasis on repaying victim for wrong
B) Emphasis on treatment of offender
C) Emphasis on crime prevention
D) Emphasis on pain and suffering as punishment
E) Emphasis on removal of liberties

Question 52

Match the sentencing goal with its appropriate definition.

-Restitution

A) Emphasis on repaying victim for wrong
B) Emphasis on treatment of offender
C) Emphasis on crime prevention
D) Emphasis on pain and suffering as punishment
E) Emphasis on removal of liberties

Question 53

Match the sentencing goal with its appropriate definition.

-Incapacitation

A) Emphasis on repaying victim for wrong
B) Emphasis on treatment of offender
C) Emphasis on crime prevention
D) Emphasis on pain and suffering as punishment
E) Emphasis on removal of liberties

Question 54

Compare the Pennsylvania System versus Auburn System.

Question 55

Compare the Classical and Positive Schools of criminology in regard to explaining crime.

Question 56

What was were some of the potential consequences of the hands-off doctrine?

Question 57

How did the Martinson review affect the perception of corrections on society?