Deck 4: Introduction to Quantitative Research

Question 1

A hypothesis is

A) necessary for quantitative research.
B) an educated guess or a presumption based on the review of the research literature.
C) the definition of one variable.
D) in the form of a question.
E) used when conflicting results are found in the research literature.

Answer 1

an educated guess or a presumption based on the review of the research literature.

Question 2

A directional hypothesis is

A) preferable to a null hypothesis.
B) preferable to a research question.
C) a precise statement indicating the nature and direction of the relationship or difference between the variables.
D) states that a difference in either direction is acceptable.
E) an operationalization of two more variables.

Answer 2

a precise statement indicating the nature and direction of the relationship or difference between the variables.

Question 3

A null hypothesis

A) is explicitly stated in a research article.
B) is the basis of the statistical test.
C) provides another alternative in addition to the research hypothesis.
D) is the statement of no relationship or relationship between the variables.
E) both b and d

Answer 3

both b and d

Question 4

An independent variable

A) is the operationalization of the dependent variable.
B) can be substituted for a dependent variable.
C) is also referred to as antecedent, experimental, treatment and causal variable.
D) confuses or obscures the effect of one variable on another.

Question 5

Match the following descriptions with the terms:

-An abstract way of thinking that helps us group together those things that are similar to one another

A) Concept
B) Conceptual scheme
C) Construct
D) Variable
E) Operationalization

Question 6

Match the following descriptions with the terms:

-Way of looking at the relationships among elements with common characteristics

A) Concept
B) Conceptual scheme
C) Construct
D) Variable
E) Operationalization

Question 7

Match the following descriptions with the terms:

-The theoretical definition of a concept

A) Concept
B) Conceptual scheme
C) Construct
D) Variable
E) Operationalization

Question 8

Match the following descriptions with the terms:

-Specific way of measuring or observing

A) Concept
B) Conceptual scheme
C) Construct
D) Variable
E) Operationalization

Question 9

Match the following descriptions with the terms:

-Elements presented in the research question or hypothesis

A) Concept
B) Conceptual scheme
C) Construct
D) Variable
E) Operationalization

Question 10

Match the following descriptions with the terms

-the variable that is manipulated

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable

Question 11

Match the following descriptions with the terms

-also known as the antecedent or predictor variable

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable

Question 12

Match the following descriptions with the terms

-also known as the criterion variable

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable

Question 13

Match the following descriptions with the terms

-is the cause of chage in the other variable

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable

Question 14

Match the following descriptions with the terms

-may vary naturally without rsearcher manipulation

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable

Question 15

Match the following descriptions with the terms

-is changed or influenced by another variable

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable

Question 16

Match the following descriptions with the terms

-the variable the researcher is trying to explain

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable

Question 17

Match the following descriptions with the terms:

-achieved when a researcher is consistent in the use of data collection procedures across all particioants

A) reliabilty
B) validity

Question 18

Match the following descriptions with the terms:

-achieved when particioants react similarly to data collection procedures

A) reliabilty
B) validity

Question 19

Match the following descriptions with the terms:

-achieved when the measurment measured what was intended

A) reliabilty
B) validity

Question 20

In quantitative research, researchers use numbers to represent amounts, frequencies, degrees, values, or intensity.

Question 21

Quantitative research generally relies on inductive reasoning.

Question 22

In developing a research project, it is okay for a researcher to ignore the literature if he or she has a good reason for doing so.

Question 23

Although the null hypothesis is subjected to the statistical test, the researcher presents the research or alternative hypothesis as the basis of the study.

Question 24

Sex is not a variable if the study investigates only women.

Question 25

In a hypothesis, all variables must be identified as independent or dependent.

Question 26

Another term for independent variable is criterion variable.

Question 27

A researcher cannot have a dependent variable without an independent variable and vice versa.

Question 28

Reliability and validity are similar concepts. It is only necessary for a researcher to demonstrate that one of these is present.

Question 29

What is the role of theory in quantitative research?

Question 30

How do research questions differ from hypotheses? Identify the instances when a researcher would use research questions instead of hypotheses.

Question 31

Explain the necessity of transforming variables into operationalizations.

Question 32

Explain the statement, "To be a variable, the element must vary."Give at least two examples in your explanation.

Question 33

Describe the advantages and limitations of quantitative research.

Question 34

Identify and describe four types of variation in data that are threats to reliability and validity.