Deck 24: Materials Exchange in the Body

Question 1

The cardiovascular system includes all the following EXCEPT

A) heart.
B) vessels.
C) lymph.
D) blood.

Answer 1

lymph.

Question 2

Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils are also known as

A) leukocytes.
B) platelets.
C) lymphocytes.
D) RBCs.

Answer 2

leukocytes.

Question 3

These serve as buffers helping to maintain the pH of the blood.

A) phospholipids
B) platelets
C) leukocytes
D) salts

Answer 3

salts

Question 4

This is the most plentiful plasma protein and is the primary molecule involved in maintaining osmotic balance.

A) hemoglobin
B) albumin
C) carbonic anhydrase
D) bilirubin

Question 5

A condition that is the result of tissue fluid buildup causing the tissue to swell is

A) cancer.
B) edema.
C) tonsilitis.
D) cryptorchidism.

Question 6

The primary function of capillaries is to

A) allow exchange of materials between the blood and cells.
B) carry blood through the body.
C) manufacture blood cells.
D) connect arteries to veins.

Question 7

The primary component of blood is

A) protein.
B) white blood cells.
C) water.
D) salts.

Question 8

Most of the oxygen carried by the blood is

A) dissolved in the plasma.
B) bound to hemoglobin molecules.
C) present as tiny bubbles in the blood.
D) part of sugar molecules.

Question 9

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is

A) dissolved in the plasma.
B) attached to hemoglobin molecules.
C) present as tiny bubbles in the blood.
D) carried as bicarbonate ions.

Question 10

The function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is to

A) convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions.
B) convert bicarbonate ions to carbon dioxide.
C) both convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions and bicarbonate ions to carbon dioxide.
D) convert carbon dioxide to hydroxide.

Question 11

The primary function of the blood is

A) transportation.
B) metabolism.
C) increasing temperature.
D) to supply the lymphatic system.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT typically carried by the blood?

A) heat
B) hormones
C) proteins
D) starch

Question 13

The normal flow of blood through the heart would be

A) right atrium $\rightarrow$ right ventricle $\rightarrow$ lungs $\rightarrow$ left atrium $\rightarrow$ left ventricle.
B) right atrium $\rightarrow$ left atrium $\rightarrow$ left ventricle $\rightarrow$ aorta.
C) lungs $\rightarrow$ right atrium $\rightarrow$ right ventricle $\rightarrow$ aorta.
D) right atrium $\rightarrow$ right ventricle $\rightarrow$ aorta $\rightarrow$ left atrium $\rightarrow$ left ventricle $\rightarrow$ lungs.

Question 14

The semilunar valves are located in the

A) left atrium.
B) major veins that enter the heart.
C) pulmonary artery and aorta.
D) right atrium.

Question 15

Systolic blood pressure is the

A) pressure in veins.
B) pressure in major arteries caused by the contraction of the left ventricle.
C) pressure in major arteries when the heart is relaxing.
D) difference in pressure that causes the pulse.

Question 16

Arteries differ from veins in that

A) veins carry blood to the internal organs of the body.
B) arteries have valves that veins do not have.
C) veins have thinner walls than arteries.
D) the pressure in veins is greater than that in arteries.

Question 17

The primary mechanism that redistributes the flow of blood from one part of the body to another is changes in the

A) rate at which the heart beats.
B) rate at which blood is removed from an area.
C) strength of the heartbeat.
D) diameter of arterioles.

Question 18

The normal flow of blood would be

A) heart $\rightarrow$ capillaries $\rightarrow$ arteries $\rightarrow$ veins $\rightarrow$ heart.
B) heart $\rightarrow$ arteries $\rightarrow$ capillaries $\rightarrow$ veins $\rightarrow$ heart.
C) heart $\rightarrow$ veins $\rightarrow$ capillaries $\rightarrow$ arteries $\rightarrow$ heart.
D) heart $\rightarrow$ veins $\rightarrow$ arteries $\rightarrow$ capillaries $\rightarrow$ heart.

Question 19

Which of the following would be most likely to happen during exercise?

A) Increased flow of blood to the skin
B) Slower heart rate
C) Increased flow of blood to the intestines
D) Reduced flow of blood to muscles

Question 20

Valves in veins assure that

A) lymph will be formed.
B) blood in veins must flow back to the heart.
C) the flow of blood through veins is regulated.
D) veins will not receive blood that is under too great a pressure.

Question 21

Tissue fluid forms because

A) of osmosis.
B) fluid leaks from cells into the space surrounding cells.
C) fluid is forced out between the cells of the capillary wall by the pressure in the capillary.
D) blood in veins flows back into capillaries.

Question 22

Which of the following characteristics of capillaries is most directly related to their function of molecular exchange?

A) Capillaries lack muscles.
B) Capillaries are located between arteries and veins.
C) Capillaries allow blood to flow through them very rapidly.
D) Capillaries have extremely thin walls.

Question 23

Lymph returns to the circulatory system

A) because it is pumped by the heart.
B) by entering large veins near the heart.
C) by seeping into capillaries.
D) when it enters arteries.

Question 24

Platelets are

A) produced by red blood cells.
B) cells.
C) involved in clotting of blood.
D) increase the permeability of capillaries.

Question 25

Which of the following would have the largest surface area?

A) trachea
B) bronchioles
C) bronchi
D) alveoli

Question 26

Contraction of the diaphragm causes

A) a person to exhale.
B) the size of the chest cavity to increase.
C) air to flow from the lungs to the outside.
D) compression of the lungs.

Question 27

If the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood increases,

A) breathing rate increases.
B) the pH increases.
C) bicarbonate ions are converted to carbonic acid.
D) the diaphragm contracts less frequently.

Question 28

Breathing rate increases during exercise because

A) the heart is beating more rapidly.
B) there is less oxygen in the blood.
C) there is more carbon dioxide in the blood.
D) there is an increase in blood pH.

Question 29

Which of the following is not important in getting oxygen from the alveoli into the capillaries?

A) The difference in oxygen concentration in the blood compared to the alveoli
B) The number of alveoli and capillaries present
C) The thickness of the capillary-alveolus wall
D) The number of nitrogen molecules present in the lungs

Question 30

Asthma is caused by

A) contraction of the bronchioles.
B) reduced number of alveoli.
C) lack of hemoglobin in the blood.
D) reduced flow of blood to the lungs.

Question 31

Digestion of protein begins in the

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) duodenum.
D) small intestine.

Question 32

Chewing is important because it

A) alters the food chemically.
B) adds enzymes that cause starch, proteins, and fats to begin to be broken down.
C) increases the surface area exposed to the action of enzymes.
D) is required by your mother.

Question 33

The bile from the liver

A) contains enzymes.
B) is stored in the pancreas.
C) emulsifies fats.
D) is emptied into the stomach.

Question 34

Gastric juice

A) contains hydrochloric acid.
B) digests fats.
C) assists the function of saliva.
D) is produced by the pancreas.

Question 35

Which of the following sets of organs are involved in producing enzymes that are involved in breaking down proteins to amino acids?

A) Salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver
B) Liver, stomach, pancreas, intestinal lining
C) Pancreas, intestinal lining, salivary glands, stomach
D) Stomach, pancreas, intestinal lining

Question 36

The main function of the large intestine is to

A) supply enzymes for digestion.
B) remove water.
C) absorb nutrients.
D) produce vitamins.

Question 37

Bile is required for fat digestion because

A) fat is not water soluble.
B) bile is an enzyme necessary for fat digestion.
C) bile changes the pH of the intestine and improves conditions for fat digestion.
D) bile reduces the amount of fat present.

Question 38

Which of the following is typical of carbohydrate digestion?

A) Starch is broken down to sugar in the stomach.
B) Polypeptides are broken down to simple sugars in the intestine.
C) The pancreas produces several enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion.
D) The stomach plays a major role in converting starch to sugar.

Question 39

Fat absorption differs from protein and carbohydrate absorption because

A) fats enter lacteals rather than capillaries.
B) fats are not broken down before they are absorbed.
C) there are no enzymes involved in the breakdown of fats, so they are absorbed as fat molecules.
D) glycerol cannot be absorbed by villi.

Question 40

The presence of lacteals and capillaries in villi is important because

A) the villi need nourishment.
B) they are involved in transporting nutrients from the intestine.
C) they are involved in transporting enzymes to the intestine.
D) they increase the surface area of the lining of the intestine.

Question 41

Blood vessels that carry blood from one set of capillaries to another are known as

A) arteries.
B) veins.
C) arterioles.
D) portal veins.

Question 42

Blood flows directly from the intestine, where nutrients enter, to the liver, which

A) removes and alters many of these nutrients.
B) adds bile to the blood.
C) increases the number of enzymes and completes digestion.
D) simply allows the blood to pass through.

Question 43

Which is NOT a function of the liver?

A) Detoxification of certain molecules
B) Removal of glucose and storage as glycogen
C) Destruction of fats
D) Removal of foreign organisms

Question 44

The primary function of the loop of Henle is

A) removal of glucose.
B) removal of water from the nephron.
C) secretion of hydrogen ions.
D) to produce liquid for the nephron.

Question 45

The glomerulus

A) is a set of blood vessels.
B) secretes glucose into the circulatory system.
C) allows large and small molecules to enter Bowman's capsule.
D) regulates what molecules enter Bowman's capsule.

Question 46

The functional unit of the kidney is called

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) a collecting duct.
C) a nephron.
D) a loop of Henle.

Question 47

The proximal convoluted tubule

A) reabsorbs most of the valuable materials that leave the glomerulus and enters the nephron.
B) secretes ions into the nephron.
C) simply conducts fluid to the loop of Henle.
D) reabsorbs fats and proteins.

Question 48

The distal convoluted tubule

A) reabsorbs glucose.
B) secretes water.
C) increases the amount of protein in the nephron.
D) regulates ions.

Question 49

What do all of the following have in common; alveolus, villus, nephron?

A) They are all involved in producing enzymes.
B) They are all involved in exchanging materials with blood in capillaries.
C) They are involved in getting things into cells.
D) They have nothing in common.

Question 50

The job of this organ is to cleanse the blood of pathogens and worn-out or damaged RBCs.

A) tonsils
B) nodes
C) liver
D) alveolus

Question 51

Microvilli

A) provide increased surface area for the exchange of materials.
B) provide support for the cell.
C) provide channels for the transport of materials within the cell.
D) greatly increase the cell's volume.

Question 52

Where does the exchange of materials between cells and the blood occur?

A) arteries.
B) veins.
C) capillaries.
D) All of these exchange materials.

Question 53

Blood transports

A) nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products.
B) chemical messengers.
C) heat.
D) All answers are true.

Question 54

In humans, hemoglobin is contained within

A) plasma.
B) red blood cells.
C) oxygen.
D) platelets.

Question 55

CO₂ + H₂O $\rightarrow$ H₂CO₃ $\rightarrow$ HCO₃^- + H⁺: This reaction occurs

A) in red blood cells.
B) in the stomach.
C) in the lungs.
D) in the kidneys.

Question 56

CO₂ + H₂O $\rightarrow$ H₂CO₃ $\rightarrow$ HCO₃^- + H⁺: This reaction will be proceeding to the left in the blood in the

A) heart.
B) muscles.
C) lungs.
D) liver.

Question 57

The stomach produces enzymes that begin the break down of ____________.

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) sugars

Question 58

Blood is carried from the heart to the lungs by the

A) aorta.
B) pulmonary artery.
C) pulmonary veins.
D) vena cava.

Question 59

In comparing the four chambers of the heart, the _______ have weak, thin walls and the ____ have thick muscular walls.

A) right atrium and right ventricle; left atrium and left ventricle
B) left atrium and left ventricle; right atrium and right ventricle
C) right and left atria; right and left ventricles
D) right and left ventricles; right and left atria

Question 60

The lymphatic system

A) contains cells.
B) has valves.
C) is found throughout the body.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 61

Blood pressure is the measure of pressure in a large artery and is recorded as two numbers (120/80). These numbers stand for the pressure

A) while the heart is contracting over the pressure while the heart is relaxed.
B) while the subject is exercising over the pressure while at rest.
C) while the heart is relaxed over the pressure while the heart is contracting.
D) in the pulmonary system over the pressure in the systemic system.

Question 62

Each nephron

A) is associated with a lacteal.
B) is surrounded by capillaries.
C) has blood running through it.
D) secretes glucose.

Question 63

The liquid material that leaks through capillaries to surrounding cells is

A) plasma.
B) mucus.
C) tissue fluid.
D) blood.

Question 64

Which of the following is the path an oxygen molecule would take from the air outside your body to your blood?

A) Alveoli $\rightarrow$ bronchioles $\rightarrow$ bronchi $\rightarrow$ trachea $\rightarrow$ capillaries
B) Bronchi $\rightarrow$ alveoli $\rightarrow$ trachea $\rightarrow$ bronchioles $\rightarrow$ capillaries
C) Bronchioles $\rightarrow$ trachea $\rightarrow$ alveoli $\rightarrow$ bronchi $\rightarrow$ capillaries
D) Trachea $\rightarrow$ bronchi $\rightarrow$ bronchioles $\rightarrow$ alveoli $\rightarrow$ capillaries

Question 65

Breathing is most directly controlled by (the)

A) heart.
B) lungs.
C) diaphragm.
D) conscious thought.

Question 66

A reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen is

A) anemia.
B) edema.
C) asthma.
D) emphysema.

Question 67

The duodenum is part of the

A) stomach.
B) pancreas.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.

Question 68

Bile is produced in the

A) liver.
B) duodenum.
C) pancreas.
D) stomach.

Question 69

The primary function of the large intestine is to

A) emulsify fats.
B) reabsorb water and other secretions.
C) absorb food molecules.
D) produce digestive juices.

Question 70

Nutrient-rich blood from the intestines flows directly to

A) the heart.
B) all of the body's tissues.
C) the liver.
D) the kidneys.

Question 71

Considering the function of the loop of Henle, you would expect the loop of Henle in a desert mammal, which needs to retain water, to be ____ in other mammals.

A) longer than
B) shorter than
C) wider than
D) the same size as

Question 72

Which row represents the correct association?

A) Row 1
B) Row 2
C) Row 3
D) Row 4

Question 73

Providing maximum surface area is NOT a major structural design feature of

A) capillaries.
B) microvilli.
C) nephrons.
D) arteries.

Question 74

Enzymatic digestion of proteins starts in the

A) mouth.
B) esophagus.
C) stomach.
D) small intestine.

Question 75

Anemia will result from a deficiency in

A) sodium.
B) magnesium.
C) iron.
D) lead.

Question 76

This lymph organ is responsible for producing red and white blood cells and platelets.

A) thymus
B) red bone marrow
C) spleen
D) lymph nodes

Question 77

If you had a block of ice and you smashed it into little pieces, the surface area would

A) stay the same but the volume would increase.
B) increase but the volume would decrease.
C) increase but the volume would not change.
D) decrease but the volume would not change.

Question 78

Surface area in many kinds of organs is important because the amount of surface determines

A) how much material can pass through the membrane.
B) which kinds of materials can pass through the membrane.
C) when materials can pass through the membrane.
D) where materials can pass through the membrane.