Deck 13: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

According to Erikson, one focus of school-age children is to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. In Erikson's psychosocial development, accomplishment of this goal means achieving ___________.

A) industry
B) identity
C) inferiority
D) intimacy

Answer 1

industry

Question 2

When Alejandro was in first grade, he described himself as tall and good at soccer and math. Now, in fifth grade, Alejandro talks about how he is friendly and helps his friends. This shift in self-understanding represents a shift from __________ or internal characteristics to __________ traits.

A) psychological; physical
B) physical; psychological
C) psychosocial; physical
D) physical; psychosocial

Answer 2

physical; psychological

Question 3

When Woody was telling his Mom about the other children in his class, he told her that one child was faster than he is, one child was a better reader than he is, and one child was louder than he is, but he was the tallest in the class! Woody is engaging in the process known as __________.

A) social competence
B) physical comparison
C) social comparison
D) peer comparison

Answer 3

social comparison

Question 4

One strategy that parents can use to help bolster a child's self-esteem is to use the __________ style of parenting.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) reciprocal

Question 5

Popular children have good social skills and are able to interact with others easily. You could say that these popular children are high in __________.

A) emotional expressions
B) social comparison
C) social competence
D) self-esteem

Question 6

Boys typically have larger networks of friends than girls do and the boys tend to play in groups with rigid status differences. These status rankings, also known as ___________, represent the relative social power of those in the group.

A) intimidation ranks
B) dominance hierarchy
C) humiliation ranks
D) status ranks

Question 7

__________ tends to be a more subtle form of bullying in which children are socially attacked.

A) Verbal bullying
B) Physical bullying
C) Relational bullying
D) Cyberbullying

Question 8

One of the biggest challenges for middle school children is their increasing independence, as they move from being totally under the control of their parents to a period of ___________, in which children and parents jointly control behavior.

A) coregulation
B) interdependence
C) autonomous control
D) cooperative control

Question 9

Research on the effects of same-sex parenting on children has revealed that children __________.

A) develop similarly to the children of heterosexual parents
B) earn lower grades than children of heterosexual parents
C) rarely experience discrimination and prejudice because of their parents' sexual orientation
D) are more likely to be victims of cyberbullying because of their parents' sexual orientation

Question 10

According to Erikson, the period characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world is __________.

A) trust vs. mistrust
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) industry vs. inferiority

Question 11

According to Erikson, the industry vs. inferiority stage of middle childhood ranges from ages __________ to __________.

A) 1; 3
B) 3; 6
C) 6; 12
D) 13; 17

Question 12

According to Erikson, __________ is the positive outcome of middle childhood; __________ is the negative result of middle childhood.

A) initiative; inferiority
B) industry; inferiority
C) industry; guilt
D) autonomy; inferiority

Question 13

In Erikson's view, children are seeking endeavors in which they can be successfully ___________. As they get older, children discover that they may be good at some things and not so good at others. Ten-year-old Ginny, for instance, comes to understand that she is good at arithmetic but not very good at spelling; 11-year-old Alberto determines that he is good at softball but doesn't have the stamina to play soccer very well.

A) interesting
B) industrious
C) initiative
D) isolated

Question 14

In middle childhood, children begin to view themselves less in terms of __________ attributes and more in terms of __________ traits.

A) cognitive; social
B) social; emotional
C) social; cognitive
D) physical; psychological

Question 15

The use of inner traits to determine self-concept results from the child's increasing __________.

A) cognitive skills
B) self-awareness
C) social skills
D) conversational skills

Question 16

When Brynn is asked to describe herself she says, "I'm smart, dependable, and helpful to my friends and family." Brynn's usage of inner traits when describing herself demonstrate her increase in __________ skills.

A) emotional
B) social
C) cognitive
D) psychosocial

Question 17

A child's self-concept is composed of which of the following major areas?

A) school, peer, physical, and psychological
B) academic, social, emotional, and physical
C) concrete, abstract, physical, and psychological
D) political, cultural, social, and economic

Question 18

The desire to evaluate one's own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of others is called __________.

A) social conformity
B) social imitation
C) social comparison
D) social esteem

Question 19

According to a theory first suggested by psychologist Leon Festinger, when concrete, objective measures of ability are lacking, people turn to __________ to evaluate themselves.

A) social comparison
B) social association
C) social reality
D) social concept

Question 20

As Ms. Ibanez is handing back the results of an end of unit math test, she comments, "I had hoped that the class would have performed better than this." When the students get their results back, they most likely will __________.

A) check to see how others performed
B) put the tests in their backpacks to take home to their parents
C) ask the teacher how much the exam will count toward their final grade
D) throw it in the wastebasket

Question 21

The students at Jones Elementary school have just received their report cards for the first six-week grading period. On the bus they will most likely compare their scores with __________.

A) students who perform better than they do
B) students who perform more poorly than they do
C) students who perform about the same as they do
D) those in their family to see who did the best

Question 22

Qui Yung received a poor grade on a math exam. She then compared her score with those of classmates and observed she had a higher grade than most. Qui Yung will probably __________.

A) feel better about her grade in comparison to her classmates
B) feel that the teacher was unfair in giving such a hard exam
C) give up because she does not have the ability to do well in math
D) believe that girls aren't good at math

Question 23

Downward social comparisons are most likely to occur when children's __________.

A) self-image is high
B) self-esteem is at stake
C) self-concept is in flux
D) self-worth is stable

Question 24

In the process of __________ social comparison, children compare themselves to those who are less able, ensuring they will come out on top and preserve an image of themselves as successful.

A) upward
B) downward
C) similar
D) positive

Question 25

Whereas __________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self, __________ is more emotionally oriented.

A) self-awareness; self-confidence
B) self-concept; self-esteem
C) self-confidence; self-perception
D) self-esteem; self-concept

Question 26

Children's self-esteem during middle childhood develops in which of the following ways?

A) They increasingly compare themselves to adults.
B) They experience a significant increase in self-esteem when they leave elementary school.
C) They feel they are the best at everything they do.
D) They increasingly develop their own internal standards of success.

Question 27

Most 7-year-olds have self-esteem that reflects a __________ view of themselves.

A) discrepant
B) differentiated
C) transient
D) global

Question 28

Seven-year-old Kylie feels she is a good person. Kylie probably assumes that she __________.

A) is not very good at most things
B) is very good at most things
C) is good at some things and bad at other things
D) has time to learn what she is good at

Question 29

Seven-year-old Charlie's mother constantly redoes everything he has done. She remakes his bed after he has made it. She rebuttons his shirt for him. She reties his shoes. She even erases the letters he writes backward and fixes them. Charlie has low self-esteem and probably assumes that he __________.

A) is not very good at most things
B) is very good at most things
C) is good at some things and bad at other things
D) has time to learn what she is good at when she gets older

Question 30

Generally, the self-esteem of most children tends to __________ during middle childhood but __________ around the age of 12.

A) increase; decreases
B) decrease; increases
C) increase; stabilizes
D) decrease; stabilizes

Question 31

Adan has just completed elementary school. In the fall he will enter middle school. His parents can expect that Adan's self-esteem will __________ during this transition time.

A) increase
B) remain the same
C) decrease
D) fluctuate

Question 32

When faced with a challenge, Harry, a student with chronically low self-esteem, is likely to __________.

A) work to the best of his ability
B) work as hard as those around him
C) work well enough to get the job done, but no more
D) give up before he has actually started

Question 33

Danielle, a student with exceptionally high self-esteem, expects to do __________.

A) well in most things she tries
B) well in some things but not in other things
C) as well as the other students in her class
D) poorly at first until she gets the hang of things

Question 34

Renee's parents are warm and emotionally supportive; they set clear limits for her behavior. Renee probably has __________.

A) low self-esteem
B) high self-esteem
C) moderate self-esteem
D) no self-esteem

Question 35

Mark's parents are highly punitive and controlling. Mark probably has __________.

A) low self-esteem
B) high self-esteem
C) moderate self-esteem
D) no self-esteem

Question 36

Research has revealed that inflated praise tends to cause children with low self-esteem to __________.

A) show off the extent of their abilities
B) choose simple tasks
C) choose difficult tasks
D) want to avoid revealing their presumed deficiencies

Question 37

During middle childhood, a child's conception of the nature of friendship undergoes some profound changes. According to developmental psychologist William Damon, a child's view of friendship passes through three distinct stages. The first stage is based on __________.

A) the behaviors of others
B) trust
C) psychological closeness
D) popularity

Question 38

Eight-year-old Anya is a recent immigrant to the United States. Based on current research, we can expect that during Anya's middle childhood years, she will __________.

A) not do well in the United States
B) do better if she goes back to her country of origin
C) do quite well in the United States
D) struggle to adapt to the changes in her life

Question 39

Five-year-old Justin has only two friends in his class. James is a friend because he shares the plastic building blocks at center time with Justin, and Josephine is his other friend because she shares the paint during art time with him. According to Damon's stages of friendship, Justin is in the __________ stage.

A) basing friendship on others' behaviors
B) basing friendship on trust
C) basing friendship on psychological closeness
D) basing friendship on popularity

Question 40

Jeremy changes his friends on a daily basis. Jeremy's friend for the day is the child who shares the ball during recess time. According to Damon's stages of friendship, what stage is Jeremy in?

A) basing friendship on others' behaviors
B) basing friendship on trust
C) basing friendship on psychological closeness
D) basing friendship on popularity

Question 41

During middle childhood, a child's conception of the nature of friendship undergoes some profound changes. According to developmental psychologist William Damon, a child's view of friendship passes through three distinct stages. The second stage is based on __________.

A) the behaviors of others
B) trust
C) psychological closeness
D) popularity

Question 42

Bob told Jessica a secret. Jessica accidentally told Eduardo while they were gossiping. Bob found out and became very upset and ended their friendship. Later Jessica apologized to Bob and their friendship returned as though nothing ever happened. According to Damon's stages of friendship, what stage of friendship is Bob in?

A) basing friendship on others' behaviors
B) basing friendship on trust
C) basing friendship on psychological closeness
D) basing friendship on popularity

Question 43

During middle childhood, a child's conception of the nature of friendship undergoes some profound changes. According to developmental psychologist William Damon, a child's view of friendship passes through three distinct stages. The third stage is based on __________.

A) the behaviors of others
B) trust
C) psychological closeness
D) popularity

Question 44

Popular children tend to have effective __________skills, which allow them to resolve social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory to those involved.

A) social problem-solving
B) social comparison
C) self-concept
D) self-esteem

Question 45

Hannah exerts a good sense of humor, she understands other people's emotional experiences, and she can effectively control her nonverbal behaviors. Once Hannah enters middle childhood, she will more than likely be considered __________ by her peers.

A) disruptive
B) popular
C) unpopular
D) unfriendly

Question 46

Unpopular children may develop __________, which involves feeling that they have little or no ability to improve their situation.

A) social problem-solving skills
B) social comparison skills
C) learned helplessness
D) high self-esteem

Question 47

Boys tend to play in ___________, whereas girls tend to play in __________.

A) spurts; cycles
B) pairs; groups
C) groups; pairs
D) small groups; large networks

Question 48

In __________ play, interactions are interrupted when a child feels that his or her status is challenged.

A) restrictive
B) disruptive
C) antagonistic
D) anti-social

Question 49

The results of one study revealed that in third grade, about __________ of White children and __________ of African American children chose a best friend of the other race.

A) one-fourth; two-thirds
B) one-third; one-third
C) two-thirds; one-fourth
D) two-thirds; one-third

Question 50

The results of one study revealed that by tenth grade, fewer than __________ percent of Whites and __________ percent of African Americans named a best friend of a different race.

A) 5; 10
B) 10; 5
C) 25; 10
D) 33; 66

Question 51

In __________, victims are called names, threatened, or made fun of because of physical or other attributes.

A) verbal bullying
B) physical bullying
C) relational bullying
D) cyberbullying

Question 52

In __________, victims are attacked online or by the spreading of malicious lies.

A) verbal bullying
B) physical bullying
C) relational bullying
D) cyberbullying

Question 53

In __________, children may be hit, pushed, or touched inappropriately.

A) verbal bullying
B) physical bullying
C) relational bullying
D) cyberbullying

Question 54

Greg has been deliberately excluding some of his peers from social activities. This is an example of __________.

A) verbal bullying
B) physical bullying
C) relational bullying.
D) cyberbullying

Question 55

Which of the following is an effective method for reducing bullying?

A) Tell students to ignore bullying when they see it.
B) Institute zero-tolerance policies for fighting.
C) Place troubled students together in therapy groups or classrooms.
D) Train students to intervene when they see bullying.

Question 56

Some __________ percent of middle-school students report being bullied at some point in their time at school, beginning as early as the preschool years.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 50
D) 90

Question 57

Approximately __________ percent of all bullies come from abusive homes.

A) 30
B) 50
C) 80
D) 100

Question 58

Kenneth tends to watch a lot of television violence; he frequently gets in trouble at school and at home. Kenneth lies to get himself out of trouble. He does not feel bad when he verbally or physically hurts someone but instead insists, "It wasn't my fault; he asked for it." Kenneth is a __________.

A) scapegoat
B) loner
C) bully
D) victim

Question 59

A period in which children and parents jointly control behavior is called __________.

A) coregulation
B) coauthority
C) codiscipline
D) coagreement

Question 60

Steven's parents encourage him to eat healthy, nutritious snacks, but he routinely eats candy bars and drinks a soda on the way home from school. Clearly, Steven's parents have provided broad, general guidelines for eating between meals, but it is up to Steven to control his eating on a daily basis. This is an example of __________.

A) coregulation
B) coauthority
C) codiscipline
D) coagreement

Question 61

While 11-year-old Lucia is walking down the street with five of her friends, she notices they are passing around a cigarette. Considering this age group, who in Lucia's life will have the biggest influence on her decision to smoke that cigarette?

A) friends
B) parents
C) grandparents
D) teachers

Question 62

When brothers and sisters disagree, it is known as __________.

A) sibling bullying
B) dominance hierarchy
C) sibling rivalry
D) sibling fighting

Question 63

Pauline goes home straight after school to an empty house. She immediately fixes herself an after-school snack and begins her homework while she waits for her parents to get home from work. Pauline is an example of a __________.

A) self-care child
B) neglected child
C) supervised child
D) loner

Question 64

The term self-care child for children that spend time alone unsupervised is preferred over the former term latchkey child because __________.

A) the term latchkey children raises negative connotations
B) the term self-care child raises positive connotations
C) self-care child is synonymous with independence
D) latchkey is synonymous with neglect

Question 65

According to sociologist Sandra Hofferth, a few hours of unsupervised time alone at home may __________.

A) lead to an unwanted situation
B) be harmful to the child
C) pose a threat to society
D) provide a helpful period of decompression

Question 66

It has been proposed that staying home alone may provide self-care children with opportunities to develop a greater sense of __________.

A) autonomy
B) mistrust
C) shame and doubt
D) guilt

Question 67

In general, women who are satisfied with their lives, whether they work or not, tend to be more __________.

A) nurturing with their children
B) in control of their emotions
C) aggressive at home and at work
D) controlling of others

Question 68

Children with mothers and fathers who work full time spend __________.

A) less time with their parents and more time with friends
B) less time at home and more time visiting friends
C) the same amount of time at home alone and hanging out with friends
D) the same amount of time with family as do children with at least one non-working parent

Question 69

Which of the following is a potential immediate effect of divorce on children?

A) anxiety
B) lying
C) stealing
D) aggressive behavior

Question 70

Following a divorce, children typically live with their __________.

A) grandparents
B) fathers
C) mothers
D) foster parents

Question 71

Almost __________ percent of children under the age of 18 in the United States live with only one parent.

A) 5
B) 15
C) 25
D) 35

Question 72

In the United States, __________ percent of all children live in blended families.

A) 9
B) 17
C) 29
D) 37

Question 73

Research on the effects of same-sex parenting has revealed that children __________.

A) have similar relationships with their peers as children of heterosexual parents do
B) have different romantic relationships and sexual behavior than children raised by opposite-sex parents
C) rarely experience discrimination and prejudice because of their parents' sexual orientation
D) are more likely to be victims of cyberbullying because of their parents' sexual orientation

Question 74

__________ families tend to be larger than other families.

A) Asian American
B) Hispanic
C) Caucasian
D) African American

Question 75

Children in group care often have been victims of neglect and abuse. Many can be helped and placed with their own or other families, but about __________ percent of them will spend their childhood years in group care.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 76

The average cost of raising a child in a group home is approximately __________ per year.

A) $10,000
B) $25,000
C) $40,000
D) $55,000

Question 77

Describe the crisis or conflict that children must resolve in Erikson's industry-versus-inferiority stage.

Question 78

Describe the shift in self-understanding during the middle years and explain why the shift occurs.

Question 79

Describe social comparison and downward social comparison.

Question 80

According to psychologist William Damon, what are the three stages of friendship?