Deck 10: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years

Question 1

Preschool children face two key conflicts relating to psychosocial development. The goal is for these children to develop a sense of __________ and __________.

A) shame; doubt
B) industry; trust
C) initiative; autonomy
D) identity; initiative

Answer 1

initiative; autonomy

Question 2

Tian had very mixed feelings about his racial background. He was proud of the cultural practices that were a part of his family birthday celebrations, but when his mother asked him what he wanted to share with his play group for his birthday, he immediately responded that he wanted a SpongeBob cake just like Bobby's. Tian's desire for this cake most likely demonstrates __________.

A) ethnic identity
B) race dissonance
C) racial awareness
D) ethnic awareness

Answer 2

race dissonance

Question 3

Which of the following is a way that gender development may be influenced by the biological approach?

A) prenatal hormone exposure
B) nutritional deficiency
C) identification with the same-sex parent
D) playing with gender appropriate toys

Answer 3

playing with gender appropriate toys

Question 4

__________ is the perception of oneself as male or female, and __________ is the fact that people are permanently males or females.

A) Gender constancy; gender identity
B) Gender schema; gender constancy
C) Gender identity; gender schema
D) Gender identity; gender constancy

Question 5

George and Jerry were involved in play that is typical for preschool children. As Jerry played with some blocks, George was playing with some small cars. Although the two boys sat in close proximity, there was little or no interaction. Jerry and George are involved in __________.

A) functional play
B) onlooker play
C) associative play
D) parallel play

Question 6

Children of __________ parents tend to be withdrawn, showing little sociability. They are not very friendly and their parents are not very responsive to their needs.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 7

When one preschool age child brought a deck of cards to preschool he was excited that other children wanted to play cards with him. Although the children seemed to each be playing a game with slightly different rules, they didn't appear to notice and were happy to abide by all the rules they knew. These children are demonstrating which level of Piaget's theory of moral development?

A) heteronomous morality
B) incipient cooperation
C) autonomous cooperation
D) immanent justice

Question 8

Four-year-old Richard wants a toy that another child has. Richard approaches the child and hits him on the arm, knocking the toy out of his hand. Richard then runs off with the toy. What kind of aggression is Richard displaying?

A) relational aggression
B) instrumental aggression
C) nonphysical aggression
D) verbal aggression

Question 9

Which of the following individuals conducted a classic study on the power of models?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Diana Baumrind
C) Albert Bandura
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 10

According to Erikson, the period during which children aged 18 months to 3 years either become more independent and self-reliant if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or experience humiliation and uncertainty if they are restricted and overprotected is known as __________.

A) trust vs. mistrust
B) initiative vs. guilt
C) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
D) identity vs. identity confusion

Question 11

Two-year-old Anissa's parents have installed child protective devices around the house. This way, Anissa is provided with a safe environment that she can freely explore on her own. According to Erikson, Anissa will most likely develop a sense of __________.

A) trust
B) initiative
C) identity
D) autonomy

Question 12

Eighteen-month-old Paul's environment is not safe. The house he lives in has exposed wiring and lead-based paint around the window frames. For this reason, Paul's mother keeps him in a playpen most of the day. According to Erikson, Paul will most likely develop a sense of __________.

A) trust
B) mistrust
C) autonomy
D) shame and doubt

Question 13

Erikson's initiative-versus-guilt stage lasts from around age __________ to age __________.

A) 1; 3
B) 3; 6
C) 6; 9
D) 9; 12

Question 14

One day, 3-year-old Lisa stepped into the kitchen and proudly announced that she was dressed for school. She had on a pair of flowered pants and a clashing plaid shirt. Nothing about her outfit matched. Lisa's mother was so dismayed that she said, "I can't take you out looking like a clown. Go to your room and put something decent on." According to Erikson, Lisa will most likely develop a sense of __________.

A) mistrust
B) autonomy
C) guilt
D) identity confusion

Question 15

While 3-year-old Bijan was on vacation with his parents, he insisted on wearing only mismatched brightly colored socks with white sneakers. His parents got many looks from passersby, some positive and some not so positive. According to Erikson, because Bijan was able to express himself through his clothes, he should develop a sense of __________.

A) trust
B) shame and doubt
C) initiative
D) identity

Question 16

Four-year-old Daryl describes himself in the following ways: "I'm a really fast runner. My hair is brown and I like to eat junk food." Daryl's beliefs about himself are known as his __________.

A) self-esteem
B) gender identity
C) self-concept
D) identification

Question 17

Four-year-old Irene is going to shoot baskets for the first time. When asked how many balls she will be able to shoot through the hoop, she enthusiastically shouts, "All of them!" Irene's response stems from the fact that she __________.

A) has not started to compare her performance against others
B) is very athletic
C) knows her father will help her get the balls through the hoop
D) simply does not know what she is saying

Question 18

Five-year-old Naomi is playing tennis with her mother. She spends more time chasing balls than she does hitting them with the racket. Naomi most likely believes she __________.

A) is a bad tennis player and hopes that she doesn't have to play again
B) is a great tennis player and can't wait to play again
C) only missed the balls because her mother doesn't know how to play the right way
D) would do better if she took tennis lessons from a pro instead of her mother

Question 19

__________ orientation is an orientation that promotes the notion of interdependence.

A) Individualistic
B) Identification
C) Initiative
D) Collectivistic

Question 20

The well-known saying "The nail that stands out gets pounded down" reflects a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence and is called a(n) __________ orientation.

A) individualistic
B) initiative
C) identification
D) collectivistic

Question 21

Five-year-old Chen has been taught to wait quietly for his turn and not to shout out or to draw attention to himself. Chen is a quiet, unassuming little boy who blends in well with others. Chen's behavior is an example of a(n) __________ orientation.

A) individualistic
B) initiative
C) identification
D) collectivistic

Question 22

__________ orientation is an orientation that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

A) Individualistic
B) Identification
C) Initiative
D) Collectivistic

Question 23

The well-known saying "The squeaky wheel gets the grease" reflects a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual and is called a(n) __________ orientation.

A) individualistic
B) identification
C) initiative
D) collectivistic

Question 24

Four-year-old Rebecca shouts loudly that her teacher forgot to let her have a turn to share a toy with the class. Rebecca always makes sure her needs are met and she speaks loudly if necessary. Also, Rebecca loves to be first in line. In games, she feels the need to win, and when she doesn't win, she sulks. Rebecca's behavior is an example of a(n) __________ orientation.

A) individualistic
B) initiative
C) identification
D) collectivistic

Question 25

Four-year-old Jasmine is African American. Jasmine prefers to play with dolls that are white. Also, she is more likely to say that black children are naughtier than white children. Jasmine's preference for majority values or people suggests that she may be experiencing __________.

A) ethnic dissonance
B) race dissonance
C) cultural dissonance
D) social dissonance

Question 26

__________ typically refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior, whereas __________ refers to the perception of maleness or femaleness.

A) Gender; sex
B) Gender identity; gender constancy
C) Sex; gender
D) Gender constancy; gender identity

Question 27

Research on play behavior suggests that rough-and-tumble play promotes the development of the __________.

A) corpus callosum
B) left hemisphere
C) right hemisphere
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 28

Three-year-old Franklin loved to ride the battery-powered powder pink convertible car around the toy store. However, when asked which battery-powered vehicle he would like to purchase, Franklin chose a blue and green motorcycle. This example illustrates that Franklin is aware of __________.

A) gender identity
B) gender expectations
C) gender constancy
D) gender identification

Question 29

There are biological differences in the structure of male and female brains. For example, the __________, which connects the hemispheres of the brain, is larger in women than in men.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) thalamus
C) amygdala
D) corpus callosum

Question 30

According to Freud's theory, preschoolers are in the __________ stage, in which the focus of the child's pleasure relates to genital sexuality.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 31

According to Freud, around the age of 5, boys begin to develop sexual interests in their mothers, viewing their fathers as rivals. This conflict is known as the __________ conflict.

A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) initiative vs. guilt
C) Oedipal
D) Electra

Question 32

When boys view their fathers as all-powerful, boys develop a fear of retaliation. According to Freud, this is called __________.

A) castration anxiety
B) penis envy
C) identification
D) the Oedipal conflict

Question 33

According to Freud, the Oedipal conflict is resolved when the __________.

A) son represses his desire for his mother and begins to identify with his father
B) father represses his desire for his mother and begins to identify with his son
C) son desires his mother, and he identifies with his father in an attempt to get her for himself
D) son has never desired his mother; he identifies with his father because he is a male child

Question 34

The process in which children attempt to be similar to the same-sex parent, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values, is known as __________.

A) identification
B) gender constancy
C) self-concept
D) gender identity

Question 35

Five-year-old Rudy sits at the table as his father does, holds the spoon, and drinks his juice as his father does. Rudy is most likely engaged in __________.

A) identification
B) modeling
C) gender identity
D) initiative-versus-guilt

Question 36

According to Freud, a girl comes to identify with the mother because she __________.

A) thinks if she is just like her mother, the father will have nothing to do with her
B) likes her mother's clothes and makeup
C) feels her mother is better equipped at meeting her needs than her father is
D) is trying to resolve her penis envy

Question 37

According to the social learning approaches, children learn gender-related behavior and expectations by __________.

A) wearing gender-appropriate clothing
B) playing with gender-appropriate toys
C) playing with same-sex peers
D) watching the behavior of males and females in their society

Question 38

Children learn gender-related behavior by watching television shows. Research on gender and television has found that __________.

A) male characters outnumber female characters by 2 to 1
B) female characters outnumber male characters by 2 to 1
C) there are the same number of male and female characters
D) female-female relationships are common, whereas male-female relationships are uncommon

Question 39

According to the cognitive-developmental theory, young preschoolers believe that sex differences are based on __________.

A) biology
B) attire
C) individual choice
D) desire

Question 40

Five-year-old Janie knows that her father is a male and that he is going to be a male forever. Janie has developed an understanding of gender __________, the belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors.

A) identity
B) schema
C) constancy
D) transformation

Question 41

Two-year-old George believes that when he puts on his mother's makeup and high heels that he is female. Further, George believes that when he grows up he can be a mommy if he wants to be one. George clearly lacks gender __________, the understanding that people will always be the same gender.

A) identity
B) schema
C) constancy
D) recognition

Question 42

Three-year-old Mohammad loves to pour sand from one bucket to another bucket. He never tires of this simple, repetitive activity. Mohammad is engaged in __________ play.

A) functional
B) constructive
C) onlooker
D) parallel

Question 43

Four-year-old Rudy manipulates blocks to build a castle. Rudy is showing an example of __________ play.

A) functional
B) constructive
C) social
D) parallel

Question 44

Abdul and Zasan are both playing in the sandbox. They both have two buckets and are independently pouring sand from one bucket to another bucket without so much as a word to each other. This is an example of __________ play.

A) cooperative
B) parallel
C) functional
D) constructive

Question 45

Four-year-old Vashid sits on the edge of the sandbox and quietly watches the other children as they make sandcastles. Vashid is displaying __________ play.

A) functional
B) parallel
C) onlooker
D) associative

Question 46

Linda and Liza exchange toys, but they are not playing the same thing. The interaction between the girls provides an example of __________ play.

A) associative
B) cooperative
C) constructive
D) parallel

Question 47

Play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests, is called __________ play.

A) functional
B) cooperative
C) parallel
D) associative

Question 48

Charlotte and Cullen are working together to make the biggest sandcastle the world has ever seen. This is an example of __________ play.

A) functional
B) cooperative
C) parallel
D) associative

Question 49

Which child is likely to be the most advanced in terms of make-believe play?

A) a child who pretends to talk on a toy phone
B) a child who only talks on a real telephone
C) a child who pretends to talk on a banana
D) a child who talks on a walkie-talkie with his mother

Question 50

Make-believe play ___________.

A) serves no useful purpose
B) tends to encourage egocentric thinking
C) helps children understand their environment
D) encourages children to put off real learning

Question 51

Culture affects children's styles of play. For instance, research revealed that Korean American children engage in more __________ play than Anglo-American children do.

A) associative
B) onlooker
C) parallel
D) cooperative

Question 52

In the development of theory of the mind, a 3-year-old child will develop an understanding of the concept of pretend before he or she understands ___________.

A) perception
B) imagination
C) belief
D) language

Question 53

By the end of the preschool years, most children can easily solve false belief problems, except for children with __________.

A) siblings
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) no preschool experience
D) peers as friends

Question 54

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately __________ children have autism spectrum disorder.

A) 1 in 25
B) 1 in 55
C) 1 in 68
D) 1 in 89

Question 55

To lie successfully, children must develop __________.

A) theory of mind
B) gender constancy
C) false beliefs
D) pretend play

Question 56

This type of parent is controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold; his or her word is law; and he or she values strict obedience from his or her children. He or she does not tolerate expressions of disagreement.

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) uninvolved

Question 57

Every time someone in the Park family disagrees with Mr. Park, he becomes angry and shouts, "As long as you are part of this family and living under my roof, you will follow my rules." This is an example of the __________ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) uninvolved

Question 58

Scott wants to sleep at a friend's house. His parents tell him no. When Scott asks why, they become upset and his father says, "Because I said so; that's why." That is the end of the conversation. This is an example of the __________ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) uninvolved

Question 59

This type of parent provides lax and inconsistent feedback. He or she does not ask much from his or her children and places little or no limits or control on their behavior.

A) uninvolved
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) authoritarian

Question 60

Dillon's parents let him come and go as he pleases. If Dillon wants to stay out all night or watch television into the wee hours on a school night, that is his choice. They feel he is the one that will be tired the next day, not them. This is an example of the __________ parenting style.

A) uninvolved
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) authoritarian

Question 61

This type of parent is firm, setting clear and consistent limits, although he or she is a loving parent and is emotionally supportive. He or she also tries to reason and give explanations for why the children should behave in a particular way.

A) uninvolved
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 62

Nicole's parents expect her to do well at school and to complete her assignments on time and in a manner that she would be proud of. They tell Nicole that they want her to succeed in school because they want her to have many opportunities when she reaches adulthood. They also set similar expectations for her behavior at home. Nicole's parents are most likely __________.

A) uninvolved
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 63

A(n) __________ type of parent shows practically no interest in his or her children, displaying indifferent, rejecting behavior. He or she is detached emotionally and sees his or her role as no more than feeding, clothing, and providing shelter for the child.

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) authoritative

Question 64

Ashley, an only child, spends a great deal of time at her best friend's home. When she does go home, her parents hardly acknowledge her presence. They provide her with clothes, a bedroom, and a home in a good neighborhood. However, Ashley often feels like a stranger around her parents. Ashley's parents are most likely __________.

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) authoritative

Question 65

__________ parents tend to be highly responsive and demanding.

A) Authoritative
B) Authoritarian
C) Permissive
D) Uninvolved

Question 66

Permissive parents tend to be __________ and __________.

A) demanding; responsive
B) strict; responsive
C) undemanding; responsive
D) undemanding; unresponsive

Question 67

Girls that are raised by authoritarian parents are especially __________, whereas boys are unusually __________.

A) independent; hostile
B) dependent; hostile
C) dependent; moody
D) independent; moody

Question 68

Children of permissive parents tend to __________.

A) be independent
B) be well liked by their peers
C) lack social skills
D) be cooperative

Question 69

Children of authoritative parents tend to __________.

A) be controlling in relationships
B) be dependent on others
C) seek approval
D) be self-assertive

Question 70

The Chinese concept of chiao shun suggests that parents should be __________.

A) strict and in control of their children's behavior
B) undemanding of their children's behavior
C) unresponsive to their children's needs
D) responsive to their children's needs

Question 71

In the United States, parents are generally advised to adopt the __________ style of parenting.

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Question 72

The change in people's sense of justice and of what is right and wrong is called __________ development.

A) amoral
B) moral
C) social
D) judicial

Question 73

According to Piaget, moral development, like cognitive development, proceeds in stages. The sequence of stages is as follows: __________, __________, and __________.

A) incipient cooperation; heteronomous morality; autonomous cooperation
B) autonomous cooperation; heteronomous morality; incipient cooperation
C) heteronomous morality; autonomous cooperation; heteronomous morality
D) incipient cooperation; autonomous cooperation; heteronomous morality

Question 74

The stage of moral development in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable is known as __________ morality.

A) incipient cooperation
B) autonomous cooperation
C) heteronomous
D) immanent justice

Question 75

Four-year-old Kyle insists on playing the same card game and always in the same manner. He becomes very upset if someone suggests that they play cards in a different way. Kyle most likely is in Piaget's __________ stage of morality development.

A) incipient cooperation
B) autonomous cooperation
C) heteronomous
D) immanent justice

Question 76

In the __________ stage, which lasts from around age 7 to age 10, children's games become more clearly social.

A) incipient cooperation
B) autonomous cooperation
C) heteronomous
D) immanent justice

Question 77

Shelby and her friends love to play freeze tag. They almost always play by standard rules and they play according to this shared knowledge. Shelby and her friends are most likely in Piaget's __________ stage of morality development.

A) incipient cooperation
B) autonomous cooperation
C) heteronomous
D) immanent justice

Question 78

It is not until the __________ stage, which begins at about age 10, that children become fully aware that formal game rules can be modified if the people who play them agree.

A) incipient cooperation
B) autonomous cooperation
C) heteronomous
D) immanent justice

Question 79

Victoria and her friends love to play hide and seek. Often as a group they decide to modify the rules so that at times it is okay to hide in trees or jump over the fence to hide on the next street. Victoria and her friends are most likely in Piaget's __________ stage of morality development.

A) incipient cooperation
B) autonomous cooperation
C) heteronomous
D) immanent justice

Question 80

The notion that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment is known as __________ justice.

A) prosocial
B) heteronomous
C) immanent
D) autonomous