Deck 7: Social and Personality Development in Infancy

Question 1

Researchers have employed a mirror-and-rouge technique to determine at what age children have a sense of __________.

A) self-concept
B) self-awareness
C) self-conscious
D) theory of mind

Answer 1

self-awareness

Question 2

As 14-month-old Timothy walked across his yard, a dog suddenly knocked him over. Timothy immediately looked to the adults sitting nearby to assess their reaction to this incident. Timothy is using __________ to gain an understanding of this surprise encounter.

A) social coding
B) referential coping
C) social referencing
D) referential expressions

Answer 2

social referencing

Question 3

When Coco wants more juice, she realizes that if she asks her father, he can provide her with more. This simple request is evidence that Coco knows something about thinking and about how others think and can influence behavior. This knowledge is known as __________.

A) self-concept
B) referential coping
C) self-conscious
D) theory of mind

Answer 3

theory of mind

Question 4

Research on stranger anxiety suggests that __________.

A) infants show less anxiety with female strangers than male strangers
B) infants show less anxiety with male strangers than female strangers
C) infants display the same amount of anxiety with male strangers and female strangers
D) infants display more stranger anxiety with children than adults

Question 5

One of the most important connections that an infant can make is the positive emotional bond that develops between the infant and a particular individual. This is known as __________.

A) attachment
B) referential coping
C) self-conscious
D) theory of mind

Question 6

Harry Harlow conducted research with monkeys and a surrogate who was either a wire "mother" that provided food or a terry cloth "mother" that provided no nourishment. Harlow discovered that the monkeys spent the most time __________.

A) finding ways to get nourishment
B) searching for replacements
C) cuddling with the terry cloth mother
D) cuddling with the wire mother

Question 7

During the end of infancy, children are testing the boundaries. When encouraged to explore those boundaries, they should successfully achieve which stage of Erikson's theory?

A) attached versus unattached
B) sociable versus unsocial
C) trust versus distrust
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 8

Adults view the behavior of an infant named John as adventurous, but the same behavior in an infant named Mary is seen as fearful. Adults are interpreting the child's action through the lens of __________, which is through the lens of the sense of being male or female.

A) gender
B) sex
C) sex roles
D) age

Question 9

Basic facial expressions are __________ across cultures.

A) dissimilar
B) different
C) similar
D) contradictory

Question 10

Although infants display similar kinds of emotions, the degree of emotional expression varies between different infants and across different __________.

A) cultures
B) societies
C) geographic regions
D) cities

Question 11

The first emotions to emerge are __________.

A) pride and guilt
B) embarrassment and guilt
C) pride and shame
D) interest and distress

Question 12

As infants and children grow older, their basic expressions of emotions __________.

A) remain the same
B) become static
C) become more stable
D) expand and become more differentiated

Question 13

Smiling in response to other individuals is considered a __________.

A) basic smile
B) social smile
C) happy smile
D) perfect smile

Question 14

Babies begin to smile at the sight of stimuli that please them between __________ and __________ weeks.

A) 1; 2
B) 6; 9
C) 3; 6
D) 12; 15

Question 15

By 18 months, babies' social smiles are evoked most often by the sight of __________.

A) toys
B) strangers
C) children
D) mothers

Question 16

As 2-year-old Brianna passes a mirror, she notices that she has a milk moustache and quickly uses her sleeve to wipe it off. It is clear that Brianna knows that it is herself in the mirror. This knowledge of oneself is called __________.

A) self-concept
B) self-esteem
C) self-control
D) self-awareness

Question 17

The mirror-and-rouge task is used to determine whether a child has knowledge of his/her physical characteristics. This knowledge is called __________.

A) self-awareness
B) self-esteem
C) self-control
D) self-concept

Question 18

As Pete teeters about the room, he suddenly plops to the floor. Instantly, he looks to the adults in the room before emotionally responding. Pete is using __________ to determine the feelings of the adults.

A) social smiling
B) social referencing
C) social copying
D) social helping

Question 19

Twelve-month-old Zachary is learning to walk. Each time he topples over, he looks to see his mother's reaction. If her expression is one of alarm, he cries, and if her expression is one of happiness, he smiles. Zachary's search for information about his mother's feeling is known as social __________.

A) orientation
B) checking
C) referencing
D) arbitration

Question 20

It is important for infants to learn social referencing because it teaches them __________.

A) that others' behavior has meaning with reference to specific circumstances
B) to be kind to others
C) to avoid strangers
D) perspective-taking skills

Question 21

When children learn to view people as __________, they perceive others as similar to themselves who behave under their own power and who have the capacity to respond to infants' requests.

A) compliant strangers
B) compliant agents
C) compliant parents
D) compliant peers

Question 22

Eighteen-month-old Chris has come to realize that he can ask his father to play hide and seek with him. Chris has begun to understand that others operate independently but at the same time they have the ability to meet his needs. He has come to see others as __________.

A) social agents
B) compliant agents
C) independent
D) powerful agents

Question 23

Two-year-old Nyssa sees Lara crying because her mother has just left her at day care. Nyssa offers Lara her doll for comfort. Nyssa is exhibiting __________.

A) sympathy
B) empathy
C) understanding
D) compassion

Question 24

Beginning around 24 months of age, children will begin to comfort others. This emotional response is called __________.

A) attachment
B) social referencing
C) empathy
D) self-awareness

Question 25

Recent research on the development of morality suggests that __________.

A) infants are born basically good
B) infants are born basically bad
C) infants possess a rudimentary sense of morality
D) infants do not understand fairness

Question 26

The caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person is called __________.

A) separation anxiety
B) stranger anxiety
C) discriminative facial movement
D) discrimination body movement

Question 27

Every time 7-month-old Erika sees a stranger, she clings to her mother and has a wary expression on her face. Erika is displaying __________.

A) stranger apprehension
B) stranger awareness
C) stranger nervousness
D) stranger anxiety

Question 28

Ten-month-old Sue Ellen tends to be wary of people she does not know. Her mother is taking her to the airport to meet her grandmother for the first time. How might Sue Ellen react to this meeting?

A) smile and hold out her arms to her grandmother
B) cling to her mother and look suspiciously at her grandmother
C) show indifference to her grandmother
D) share a toy with her grandmother

Question 29

Which child would most likely display the highest degree of stranger anxiety?

A) a child that frequently goes on outings with her parents
B) a child that spends most of her time with her family and close neighbors
C) a child that spends most of her time with just her mother
D) a child that goes to day care and visits with extended family

Question 30

Eight-month-old Mika spends a lot of time in her parents' family-run restaurant. Mika is often the center of attention with those who eat at the restaurant. How might you expect Mika to react to an unfamiliar relative as opposed to a child that sees only her immediate family?

A) Mika will display less anxiety.
B) Mika will display more anxiety.
C) Mika will display the same amount of anxiety.
D) Mika will be indifferent; the child who only sees her immediate family will show joy.

Question 31

The expression of fear in older infants is usually reserved for __________.

A) siblings
B) strangers
C) fathers
D) children

Question 32

Ryan loves to spend time with his mother, whether sitting close together watching the stars at night or reading a bedtime story. When Ryan is upset, only his mother has the ability to quickly soothe him. Ryan's positive emotional bond toward his mother is called __________.

A) positive regard
B) security
C) attachment
D) affection

Question 33

Behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object that is observed is called __________.

A) social referencing
B) attachment
C) bonding
D) imprinting

Question 34

Konrad Lorenz found that goslings whose eggs were raised in an incubator and who viewed him just after hatching would follow his every movement, as if he were their mother. This behavior is called __________.

A) a sensitive period
B) attachment
C) bonding
D) imprinting

Question 35

Jacob and Haley decided to raise geese for a school project. Their parents got them an incubator and some gosling eggs. Jacob and Haley were present when the goslings hatched from their eggs. From that time on, the goslings followed the children around as if they were their parents. The behavior of the goslings is called __________.

A) social referencing
B) attaching
C) bonding
D) imprinting

Question 36

According to Konrad Lorenz, attachment is based on __________ factors.

A) biological
B) environmental
C) social
D) psychological

Question 37

Freud suggested that attachment was based on a caregiver meeting the __________ needs of the child.

A) social
B) physiological
C) environmental
D) psychological

Question 38

In an attachment study conducted by Harlow, monkeys in distress preferred the __________ monkey even though the other monkey fed them.

A) wire
B) plastic
C) terry cloth
D) glass

Question 39

Who studied attachment by testing the relationship between infant monkeys and wire monkeys?

A) Konrad Lorenz
B) John Bowlby
C) Mary Ainsworth
D) Harry Harlow

Question 40

In John Bowlby's view, attachment is based primarily on infants' need for __________.

A) safety
B) nourishment
C) comfort
D) love

Question 41

Who formulated a highly influential theory of attachment?

A) Konrad Lorenz
B) John Bowlby
C) Mary Ainsworth
D) Harry Harlow

Question 42

A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present, then when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns is called __________.

A) ambivalent attachment pattern
B) secure attachment pattern
C) avoidant attachment pattern
D) the Ainsworth Strange Situation

Question 43

A style of attachment in which a child does not seek proximity to the mother and, after she has left, the child does not seem distressed and seems to avoid her when she returns as if angered by her behavior, is called __________.

A) ambivalent attachment pattern
B) secure attachment pattern
C) avoidant attachment pattern
D) the Ainsworth Strange Situation

Question 44

During the Strange Situation, 15-month-old Sean stays close to mom. When mom leaves the room, he cries. He notices when mom returns to the room, and he wants to be near her. But when she picks him up, he tries to get away by pushing her. How would you classify Sean's attachment to his mother?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) disorganized-disoriented

Question 45

Brynn, a 12-month-old girl, uses mom as a secure base and appears to be happy when mom is near. If mom leaves, Brynn cries. How would you classify Brynn's attachment to her mother?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) disorganized-disoriented

Question 46

When 16-month-old Thomas is near his mommy, he displays a range of emotions. Sometimes he is fearful. At times, he appears dazed and confused. He seems to struggle with the stress of the Strange Situation. How would you classify Thomas's attachment to his mother?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) disorganized-disoriented

Question 47

Emmy, a 14-month-old girl, is extremely passive. If dad is in the same room, she may or may not notice him. When dad leaves the room, she does not cry. How would you classify Emmy's attachment to her father?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) disorganized-disoriented

Question 48

Children who are classified as __________ are high in seeking proximity to their caregivers and high in resisting contact with their caregivers.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) disorganized-disoriented

Question 49

Twelve-month-old Madeline frequently crawls off in search of toys, only to return briefly to share her newfound toys with her mother. Madeline is using her mother as a __________.

A) safety net
B) secure base
C) toy holder
D) friend

Question 50

Mothers of securely attached infants respond in which of the following ways?

A) They feed on a schedule rather than on demand.
B) They are nonresponsive during face-to-face interactions.
C) They are responsive and warm.
D) They withhold comfort.

Question 51

According to Bowlby, when 1-year-old Hannah becomes upset, she will prefer to be comforted by __________.

A) her mother
B) her father
C) either parent
D) her babysitter

Question 52

Research suggests that mothers and fathers play differently with their children. Mothers tend to play __________, whereas fathers tend to play __________.

A) rough-and-tumble activities; traditional games with more verbal elements
B) games with more verbal elements; rough-and-tumble activities
C) games with more nonverbal elements; rough-and-tumble activities
D) house; rough-and-tumble activities

Question 53

The model in which infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately is called __________.

A) caregiver rebound
B) reciprocal socialization
C) the mutual regulation model
D) desocialization

Question 54

A process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from the infants, is called __________.

A) caregiver rebound
B) reciprocal socialization
C) the mutual regulation model
D) desocialization

Question 55

Erikson's theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others'- and their own-behavior is known as Erikson's theory of __________.

A) psychosocial development
B) psychosexual development
C) psychoeducational development
D) psychopersonality development

Question 56

According to Erikson, when parents positively meet the needs of their infants in a timely and loving manner, the infant will develop a sense of __________.

A) hope
B) trust
C) faith
D) confidence

Question 57

Six-month-old Trey never knows when his next bottle will appear or when his diaper will be changed. According to Erikson, Trey's inconsistent care may result in him developing a sense of __________.

A) trust
B) independence
C) mistrust
D) autonomy

Question 58

The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is the period during which toddlers develop independence if they are allowed the freedom to explore. This stage is referred to as __________.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) independence versus dependence
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) security versus insecurity

Question 59

Often toddlers around the age of 2 are described as being in the "terrible twos." This categorization is simply a result of a toddler's attempt to resolve the second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, or __________.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) independence versus dependence
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) security versus insecurity

Question 60

According to Erikson, toddlers who are allowed the freedom to explore within safe boundaries develop a feeling of __________.

A) shame and doubt
B) trust
C) autonomy
D) mistrust

Question 61

Adam is a very active infant who is never still. Linda is a placid baby. She takes long naps and is easily soothed on those relatively rare occasions when she becomes agitated. Adam and Linda reflect differences in __________.

A) behavior
B) socialization
C) temperament
D) self-awareness

Question 62

According to the dimensions of temperament, __________ is the degree to which stimuli in the environment alter behavior.

A) approach-withdrawal
B) distractibility
C) rhythmicity
D) threshold of responsiveness

Question 63

Babies that are generally positive, showing curiosity about new situations, and whose emotions are moderate or low in intensity are considered to be __________ babies.

A) difficult
B) slow-to-warm
C) temperamental
D) easy

Question 64

Mark has a positive disposition. His body functions operate regularly and they are adaptable. He is generally positive, showing curiosity about new situations, and his emotions are moderate or low in intensity. Mark is a(n) __________ baby.

A) difficult
B) slow-to-warm
C) easy
D) passive

Question 65

Crystal has negative moods and is slow to adapt to new situations. When confronted with a new situation, she tends to withdraw. Crystal is a(n) __________ baby.

A) difficult
B) easy
C) slow-to-warm
D) passive

Question 66

Aubrey always goes to sleep at the same time. She has a few favorite foods and she generally does not complain about trying new foods. Although she is cautious around new people, she adjusts well to new environments. She cries when separated from her parents, but it appears to be an age-appropriate reaction to separation. Her parents report that she is friendly and happy. When she wants something but is told "no," the intensity of her reaction is generally mild to moderate. Aubrey's same-age peers enjoy playing with her. Which category of temperament does Aubrey fit?

A) easy
B) difficult
C) slow-to-warm
D) goodness-of-fit

Question 67

Brennan eats well, but he does not try new foods. If he is in a new environment, he does not nap. In fact, he struggles to keep his normal daily routine when away from home. It does not take a lot of stimulation to cause Brennan to cry, and the crying is intense for long periods of time. His parents describe his mood as "unpleasant." Which category of temperament does Brennan fit?

A) easy
B) difficult
C) slow-to-warm
D) goodness-of-fit

Question 68

Sex typically refers to __________, while gender refers to __________.

A) perceptions of maleness or femaleness; sexual anatomy and sexual behavior
B) sexual anatomy and sexual behavior; social perceptions of maleness and femaleness
C) sexual anatomy and sexual behavior; misconceptions of being male or female
D) sexual anatomy and sexual behavior; perceptions of what constitutes androgyny

Question 69

The number of children living in two-parent households has __________.

A) remained unchanged since the 1950s
B) dropped to less than half
C) dropped from 77 percent to 64 percent
D) increased from 64 percent to 77 percent

Question 70

In the United States, the average size of families has __________.

A) declined since 1970
B) increased since 1950
C) remained the same
D) declined to an average of four persons per household

Question 71

According to recent research on child care, more than __________ of infants are cared for by people other than their mothers at some point during the first year of life.

A) 20 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 80 percent

Question 72

According to most evidence, there are __________ differences between high-quality child care outside the home and home care.

A) only minor
B) vast
C) significant
D) problematic

Question 73

Describe the mirror-and-rouge technique, which is used to assess self-awareness.

Question 74

Define social referencing and describe how the still face technique is used to examine social referencing.

Question 75

Describe stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.

Question 76

List and describe the four classifications of attachment patterns according to Ainsworth.

Question 77

What is the father's role in attachment?

Question 78

Does attachment differ across cultures?

Question 79

Describe the mutual regulation model.

Question 80

Provide an overview of Erikson's first two psychosocial stages.