Exam 7: Social and Personality Development in Infancy

According to the dimensions of temperament, __________ is the degree to which stimuli in the environment alter behavior.

Sex typically refers to __________, while gender refers to __________.

Konrad Lorenz found that goslings whose eggs were raised in an incubator and who viewed him just after hatching would follow his every movement, as if he were their mother. This behavior is called __________.

Why is it that there is less stigma attached to girls who prefer to play with stereotypical male toys than there is for boys who prefer to play with stereotypical female toys?

Describe the mirror-and-rouge technique, which is used to assess self-awareness.

Freud suggested that attachment was based on a caregiver meeting the __________ needs of the child.

Does attachment differ across cultures?

Brennan eats well, but he does not try new foods. If he is in a new environment, he does not nap. In fact, he struggles to keep his normal daily routine when away from home. It does not take a lot of stimulation to cause Brennan to cry, and the crying is intense for long periods of time. His parents describe his mood as "unpleasant." Which category of temperament does Brennan fit?

Who formulated a highly influential theory of attachment?

What is attachment in infancy, how is it measured, and how does it affect a person's future social competence?

As infants and children grow older, their basic expressions of emotions __________.

In John Bowlby's view, attachment is based primarily on infants' need for __________.

Research suggests that mothers and fathers play differently with their children. Mothers tend to play __________, whereas fathers tend to play __________.

Define social referencing and describe how the still face technique is used to examine social referencing.

Basic facial expressions are __________ across cultures.

By 18 months, babies' social smiles are evoked most often by the sight of __________.

According to Bowlby, when 1-year-old Hannah becomes upset, she will prefer to be comforted by __________.

The expression of fear in older infants is usually reserved for __________.

Erikson's theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others'- and their own-behavior is known as Erikson's theory of __________.

Harry Harlow conducted research with monkeys and a surrogate who was either a wire "mother" that provided food or a terry cloth "mother" that provided no nourishment. Harlow discovered that the monkeys spent the most time __________.