Deck 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 1

According to Piaget's theory, young infants do not understand that people and objects exist when they cannot be seen. This is known as __________.

A) object permanence
B) goal-directed behavior
C) deferred imitation
D) assimilation

Answer 1

object permanence

Question 2

According to Piaget's theory, children attain the ability to display deferred imitation in __________ of the sensorimotor stage.

A) Substage 3 (secondary circular reactions)
B) Substage 4 (coordination of secondary circular reactions)
C) Substage 5 (tertiary circular reactions)
D) Substage 6 (beginnings of thought)

Answer 2

Substage 6 (beginnings of thought)

Question 3

The information-processing approach to cognitive development examines three processes in terms of children's ability to process information: __________, __________, and __________.

A) decay; interference; amnesia
B) semantic, episodic, procedural memory
C) sensory; short-term memory; long-term memory
D) encoding; storage; retrieval

Answer 3

encoding; storage; retrieval

Question 4

For Ashley's second birthday, her family went on a trip to Disney World, but now, just four years later, Ashley has little or no memory of this family trip. Ashley's inability to remember this major family excursion is due to __________.

A) memory interference
B) retrograde amnesia
C) infantile amnesia
D) proactive amnesia

Question 5

Which measures mental and motor abilities in infants from 2 to 24 months?

A) visual-recognition memory measurement
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C) Apgar scale
D) Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Question 6

Claude gets his mother's attention by making a kind of grunting noise and then looks at the ball just out of his reach. Claude's attempt to communicate his desire for the ball is an example of __________.

A) semantics
B) babbling
C) language
D) prelinguistic communication

Question 7

Alfie calls for the "book" when he wants the menu in the neighborhood diner. Alfie's use of the word book to include the menu best illustrates which characterization of early speech?

A) holophrases
B) telegraphic
C) overextension
D) underextension

Question 8

In the nativist approach to language development, theorist Noam Chomsky suggests that an innate mechanism directs language development. This neural system is called a(n) __________.

A) language acquisition device
B) universal grammar
C) grammar checker
D) communication device

Question 9

Martha went from person to person asking whether they wanted some birthday cake, but when she asked the youngest children at the party, her voice pitch rose and she spoke with a type of singing quality. Martha was utilizing __________ with the children present.

A) attention-getting speech
B) infant-directed speech
C) holographic speech
D) telegraphic speech

Question 10

Research on deaf infants reveals which of the following comparisons in language development when compared with non-deaf infants?

A) Deaf infants appear not to babble, as do non-deaf infants.
B) Mothers of deaf and non-deaf children both employ infant-directed speech.
C) Deaf infants do not seem to overextend when acquiring language.
D) Deaf infants are more likely to demonstrate underextensions when acquiring language.

Question 11

Piaget's theory of cognitive development comprises four universal stages that occur in a fixed order from birth through adolescence. These are, in chronological order, __________, __________, __________, and __________.

A) formal operational; concrete operational preoperational; sensorimotor
B) sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operational; formal operational
C) sensorimotor; formal operational; preoperational; concrete operational
D) sensorimotor; formal operational; concrete operational; preoperational

Question 12

Piaget's views of the ways infants learn could be summed up in which of the following equations?

A) Action = Knowledge
B) Facts = Knowledge
C) Perception = Knowledge
D) Experience = Perception

Question 13

The first time Aiesha saw a flying squirrel, she called it a bird. Aiesha is __________ the squirrel to her existing schema of bird.

A) accommodating
B) assimilating
C) comparing
D) categorizing

Question 14

Twelve-month-old Mitchell loves to play with his kickball. One day his father came home with a new ball for him to enjoy. Mitchell jumped up and down and shouted gleefully, "Kickball!" His father said, "No, Mitchell, this is a soccer ball." Mitchell is __________ the soccer ball to his existing schema of kickball.

A) accommodating
B) assimilating
C) comparing
D) categorizing

Question 15

The first time 10-month-old Daniel tried to use a cup and a straw, he tipped the whole cup up like a bottle and got very wet. His mother quickly intervened and put the cup in an upright position. Soon, Daniel learned that he may tip up the bottle, but cups and straws must remain in an upright position. Daniel's modification to his drinking schema is the result of a(n) __________.

A) schema
B) assimilation
C) accommodation
D) concept

Question 16

According to Piaget, the earliest schemas are primarily limited to the __________ with which we are all born, such as sucking and rooting.

A) reflexes
B) concepts
C) ideas
D) notions

Question 17

Three-week-old Alex will suck on anything that touches his lips whether it is his hand, his father's back, a cloth diaper, or a toy. This indiscriminate sucking is an example of a __________.

A) simple reflex
B) circular reaction
C) primary circular reaction
D) secondary circular reaction

Question 18

Nicholas was a breastfed baby. However, when he was 3 weeks old, his mother introduced him to a bottle. Nicholas quickly learned to modify his __________ schema to the different sucking patterns required by the bottle.

A) circular reaction
B) primary circular reaction
C) secondary circular reaction
D) reflex

Question 19

According to Piaget, a __________ is an activity that permits the construction of cognitive schemas through the repetition of a changed motor event.

A) circular reaction
B) primary reaction
C) secondary reaction
D) tertiary reaction

Question 20

Three-month-old Lionel loved to suck on his fingers. He was quite fond of putting his fingers in his mouth and then pulling them out only to look them over for a minute or two before putting them back in his mouth. He repeated this behavior over and over. Lionel's behavior with his fingers illustrates a __________.

A) simple reflex
B) primary circular reaction
C) secondary circular reaction
D) tertiary circular reaction

Question 21

Primary circular reactions are activities that focus on __________, whereas secondary circular reactions involve actions relating to __________.

A) the infant's own body; the outside world
B) any infant; the environment
C) the self; nature
D) the concrete; abstract thought

Question 22

Five-month-old Stewart enjoyed repeatedly shaking his rattle in new and innovative ways in order to hear the different sounds each new movement made. According to Piaget, Stewart is demonstrating a __________.

A) simple reflex
B) primary circular reaction
C) secondary circular reaction
D) tertiary circular reaction

Question 23

Which of the following is a secondary circular reaction?

A) sucking on a thumb
B) reaching for a visible object
C) ringing a bell repeatedly
D) finding a hidden object

Question 24

When 10-month-old Mary Kate was placed on the floor with a pile of toys, she actively pushed toys out of her way in an effort to reach her partially covered favorite toy telephone. According to Piaget, Mary Kate demonstrated __________.

A) target-directed behavior
B) goal-directed behavior
C) center-directed behavior
D) focused behavior

Question 25

According to Piaget, __________ is the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

A) object stability
B) object mobility
C) object permanence
D) object constancy

Question 26

Before an infant has understood the idea of __________, he will not search for an object that has been hidden right before his eyes.

A) object stability
B) object mobility
C) object permanence
D) object constancy

Question 27

James accidentally got his hands on a butter knife. When James's mother took the knife and put it where he could no long reach or see it, James howled and kept trying to reach for the knife that had disappeared. According to Piaget, James's behavior is an example of __________.

A) object stability
B) object mobility
C) object permanence
D) object constancy

Question 28

Tertiary circular reactions differ from secondary circular reactions in that they __________.

A) focus on the infant's own body awareness
B) deal only with the infant's immediate environment
C) lead only to chance results
D) focus on experimentation

Question 29

Which of the following is a tertiary circular reaction?

A) dropping a toy repeatedly from different heights
B) sucking on a pacifier
C) shaking a rattle
D) imitating another person

Question 30

According to Piaget, in the __________ substage, infants will push one toy out of the way to reach a partially hidden toy underneath.

A) primary circular reaction
B) secondary circular reaction
C) coordination of secondary circular reaction
D) tertiary circular reaction

Question 31

Eighteen-month-old Joshua received a train set from his visiting grandmother. Joshua's grandmother set it up and demonstrated how to drive the train on the track while saying "chugga, chugga, choo, choo." Later that day, Joshua picked up a train piece and imitated the "chugga, chugga, choo, choo" sounds. Joshua's behavior places him in the __________ substage of the sensorimotor stage.

A) primary circular reaction
B) secondary circular reaction
C) tertiary circular reaction
D) beginnings of thought

Question 32

With the attainment of the cognitive skill of __________, children are able to imitate people and scenes they have witnessed in the past.

A) mental symbolics
B) mind representation
C) deferred imitation
D) mind symbolics

Question 33

Eighteen-month-old Lawrence's favorite pastime is to roll balls around the house. He particularly likes to roll balls under the furniture and run to where he thinks they might emerge. This is an example of a __________.

A) mind representation
B) mental image
C) mental symbol
D) mental representation

Question 34

According to Piaget, __________ is an act in which children imitate a person who is no longer present.

A) deferred imitation
B) delayed imitation
C) deferred modeling
D) delayed modeling

Question 35

Piaget's critics cast doubt on Piaget's view that infants are incapable of mastering the concept of __________ until they are close to a year old.

A) object stability
B) object mobility
C) object permanence
D) object constancy

Question 36

An approach to cognitive development that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and sort information is called the __________ approach.

A) data-processing
B) information-processing
C) cognitive-processing
D) mental-processing

Question 37

Marcus has just moved to a new town and now must learn a new telephone number. He finds that the first three digits are the ages of his sisters and the remaining four numbers coincide with Columbus's voyage to America. According to the information-processing approach, Marcus is __________ his telephone number in a form that he can later remember.

A) encoding
B) storing
C) retrieving
D) automatizing

Question 38

Sixteen-year-old Amber has just completed a driver education course. She often comments to friends that at first driving required her undivided attention, but with a little practice she often finds that she has driven home without being aware of stopping for traffic lights or stop signs. According to the information-processing approach, driving has become __________ for Amber.

A) automatic
B) boring
C) time consuming
D) trivial

Question 39

Karen Wynn's research on infants' mathematical skills reveals that __________.

A) infants can add, but they cannot subtract
B) infants can subtract, but they cannot add
C) infants can add and subtract
D) infants cannot add and subtract

Question 40

The results of a growing body of research on infants' cognitive abilities suggests that infants __________.

A) have an innate grasp of certain mathematical functions
B) are born without innate knowledge
C) learn mathematics by observing their parents
D) demonstrate no knowledge of basic physics, such as the effects of gravity

Question 41

Memory experiments have shown that even after two training sessions infants remember the association between __________ for up to a week later.

A) kicking and crying
B) kicking and moving a mobile
C) crying and eating
D) crying and moving a mobile

Question 42

Layla was 3 years old when her brother Cameron was born; however, she has no memory of the birth of her brother. This illustrates __________.

A) juvenile amnesia
B) child amnesia
C) immature amnesia
D) infantile amnesia

Question 43

One of the explanations for why infants appear to remember less is because __________ may play a key role in how memories are recalled early in life.

A) emotions
B) language
C) personality
D) intelligence

Question 44

__________ is memory that is conscious and that can be recalled intentionally. In comparison, __________ is memory that is recalled unconsciously.

A) Implicit memory; explicit memory
B) Explicit memory; implicit memory
C) Storage memory; retrieval memory
D) Retrieval memory; storage memory

Question 45

Trying to recall a person's address is an example of __________ memory.

A) explicit
B) implicit
C) exact
D) approximate

Question 46

The brain's ability to grow, change, and create new connections between cells is known as __________.

A) infantile amnesia
B) implicit memory
C) explicit memory
D) neuroplasticity

Question 47

Developmental psychologist Arnold Gesell formulated a __________ that is an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social.

A) developmental quotient
B) developmental ratio
C) developmental measure
D) developmental number

Question 48

A psychologist is testing Callie's ability to balance, sit, and use language. In addition, she is testing Callie's adaptive and social behavior. Which of the following tests is being administered?

A) Bayley Scales of Infant Development
B) habituation
C) visual-recognition memory measurement
D) developmental quotient

Question 49

The __________ evaluate an infant's development from 2 to 42 months, focusing on two areas, mental and motor abilities.

A) developmental quotient
B) Bayley Scales of Infant Development
C) visual-recognition memory measure
D) Gesell Scales of Child Development

Question 50

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development comprises two scales. The __________ scale focuses on the senses, perception, memory, learning, problem solving, and language, while the __________ scale evaluates fine and gross motor skills.

A) sensation; perception
B) thinking; movement
C) mental; motor
D) intellectual; spatial

Question 51

Which of the following activities is measured on the mental scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

A) sits up without aid
B) stands on right foot without help
C) holds pencil in fist
D) turns head to locate origin of sound

Question 52

Which of the following activities is measured on the motor scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

A) sits up without aid
B) distinguishes gender
C) notices illustrations in a book
D) turns head to locate origin of sound

Question 53

Kiki, a 28-month-old infant, has completed a test measuring both mental and motor abilities. Which of the following tests was administered?

A) Bayley Scales of Infant Development
B) Gesell Scales of Infant Development
C) visual-recognition memory measurement
D) developmental quotient

Question 54

Habituation tests are good predictors of later intellectual performance because they seem to measure __________.

A) speed of learning
B) higher-order thinking skills
C) sensorimotor skills
D) problem-solving skills

Question 55

The memory and recognition of a stimulus that has been previously seen, as well as the speed with which an infant can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory, is the approach to examine intelligence during infancy known as __________.

A) a developmental quotient
B) a visual-recognition memory measurement
C) the Bayley Scales of Infant Development
D) an intelligence quotient

Question 56

As a baby, Simone was able to recognize by sight a screwdriver that she had previously only touched but had not seen. This ability is referred to as __________.

A) bi-modal transference
B) underextension
C) overextension
D) cross-modal transference

Question 57

Research has found that the degree of cross-modal transference by an infant at age 1 is __________ with intelligence scores several years later.

A) associated
B) not associated
C) not linked
D) erroneously connected

Question 58

The smallest language unit that has meaning is a __________.

A) phoneme
B) morpheme
C) semantic
D) phonology

Question 59

Some __________ are complete words, whereas others add information necessary for interpreting a word, such as the endings -s for plural and -ed for past tense.

A) phonemes
B) morphemes
C) semantics
D) phonology

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of semantics?

A) adding -ed to form the past tense
B) understanding the meaning of the word desk
C) adding -s to form a plural
D) mastering the basic sounds of language

Question 61

The understanding of speech is called linguistic __________, whereas the use of language to communicate is referred to as linguistic __________.

A) comprehension; production
B) production; comprehension
C) fabrication; comprehension
D) comprehension; fabrication

Question 62

Communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means is known as __________ communication.

A) prelanguage
B) prelinguistic
C) baby talk
D) telegraphic

Question 63

Prelinguistic communication teaches infants __________.

A) the give-and-take of conversation
B) to hear the sounds of their native language
C) to listen to the noises in their environment
D) to talk to themselves

Question 64

Making speechlike but meaningless sounds is called __________.

A) bubbling
B) gibber
C) babbling
D) prattle

Question 65

Jungyun has been producing the sounds "ba-ba-ba" and "da-da-da" repeatedly. Jungyun is __________.

A) speaking
B) cooing
C) babbling
D) comprehending

Question 66

Which of the following statements about babbling is true?

A) Babbling sounds are typically only consonants and not vowel sounds.
B) When babbling, infants produce the sounds of every language.
C) Deaf children do not babble.
D) Deaf children exposed to sign language only demonstrate vocal babbling.

Question 67

Deaf infants that are taught sign language babble with their __________.

A) voices
B) hands
C) facial expressions
D) feet.

Question 68

Which of the following passages of speech is an example of a holophrase?

A) Turn off the light.
B) Light!
C) Light off!
D) Why is the light off?

Question 69

Speech that leaves out words that are not critical to the message is known as __________.

A) telegraphic speech
B) telegram speech
C) telephone speech
D) telepicture speech

Question 70

Nineteen-month-old Evan enjoys books, and he often says, "Read book." This is Evan's shorthand version of "I would like you to read a book to me." This is an example of __________.

A) telegraphic speech
B) telegram speech
C) telephone speech
D) telepicture speech

Question 71

The overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language, is called __________.

A) telegraphic speech
B) underextension
C) overextension
D) holophrases

Question 72

The overly broad use of words, where children overgeneralize their meaning, is known as __________.

A) overextension
B) underextension
C) referential style
D) expressive style

Question 73

Much to the consternation of 15-month-old Sara's mom, Sara constantly calls out "Daddy" to any man she sees. Sara is making a(n) __________ error.

A) overextension
B) underextension
C) referential style
D) expressive style

Question 74

Thirteen-month-old Clara uses the term baby doll to refer to only her doll and not to other dolls. Clara is making a(n) __________ error.

A) overextension
B) underextension
C) referential style
D) expressive style

Question 75

As a toddler, Michael had an impressive vocabulary consisting of words like mom, dad, dog, car, bike, chair, table, and so on. Michael's style of language use is called the __________ style.

A) overextension
B) underextension
C) referential
D) expressive

Question 76

The theory of language that includes universal grammar is known as __________.

A) learning theory
B) the nativist approach
C) the interactionist approach
D) the scientific approach

Question 77

The idea that language is a consequence of both environmental and innate factors is known as the __________ of language development

A) learning theory
B) the interactionist approach
C) the nativist approach
D) the humanistic approach

Question 78

Dylan is learning language. His parents believe that if they use reinforcement, Dylan will learn language at a faster rate. Which theory of language has influenced Dylan's parents?

A) learning theory
B) nativist approaches
C) interactionist approaches
D) linguistic approaches

Question 79

Compared to boys, girls hear twice as many __________ by the time they are 32 months old.

A) diminutives
B) direct "no" responses
C) motherese
D) child-directed speech

Question 80

According to Piaget, what are the two principles that underlie all cognitive growth?