Deck 4: Birth and the Newborn Infant

Question 1

The birth process involves __________ stages, the final culminating with the expulsion of the umbilical cord and the placenta.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Answer 1

three

Question 2

Preston was relatively healthy at birth and had a(n) __________ score of 8. This standard score evaluates the general health of the newborn on five different dimensions.

A) Apgar
B) health status
C) infant mortality
D) acute health

Answer 2

Apgar

Question 3

Willard and his wife were concerned that their newborn was taken from the delivery room before they had a chance to establish any type of close physical and emotional contact with their son immediately following his birth. Willard and his wife are concerned about their __________ with their son.

A) attachment
B) imprinting
C) modeling
D) bonding

Answer 3

bonding

Question 4

Maria decided that she wanted anesthesia for the birth of her first child. After consulting her doctor, she decided on a __________ because she would still be able to move about freely during labor.

A) walking epidural
B) neuro epidural
C) dermal epidural
D) waking epidural

Question 5

An effective technique for helping preterm infants develop is called __________.

A) kangaroo care
B) koala care
C) motherly care
D) post-term care

Question 6

The number of Cesarean deliveries has soared in the United States. According to the textbook, which of the following is a contributor to the rapid rise in Cesarean deliveries?

A) demand for convenience
B) presence of a doula
C) use of midwives
D) fetal monitors

Question 7

The factor most closely linked to infant mortality is __________.

A) low birthweight
B) socioeconomic status
C) race
D) maternal age

Question 8

For some new mothers, the time after the birth of their child is marked by a period of depression, a pervasive feeling of sadness and unhappiness also known as __________.

A) parental depression
B) baby blues
C) postpartum depression
D) prenatal depression

Question 9

Charlie expresses interest in a new rattle, but after playing with it several times, he begins to show less interest. What is this form of learning called?

A) habituation
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) observational learning

Question 10

An example of the earliest forms of social interaction between parent and infant involves the regulation of the infant's __________, different degrees of sleep and wakefulness.

A) REM sleep
B) states of arousal
C) emotional expressions
D) attention

Question 11

At birth, a newborn is a called a(n) __________.

A) newnate
B) infant
C) baby
D) neonate

Question 12

About 266 days after conception, a protein called __________ triggers the release of hormones and the process that leads to birth.

A) corticotropin-releasing hormone
B) cortizone-releasing hormone
C) cortaide-releasing hormone
D) cortico-releasing hormone

Question 13

Braxton-Hicks contractions are sometimes called __________.

A) transition labor
B) false labor
C) belabored labor
D) oxytocin

Question 14

During the final part of the first stage of labor, the contractions increase in intensity, often occurring every two minutes and lasting almost two minutes. This period is known as __________.

A) transport
B) transition
C) transparent
D) translucent

Question 15

Typically, labor takes __________ hours for firstborn children, but there are wide variations.

A) 2 to 4
B) 4 to 6
C) 16 to 24
D) 36 to 48

Question 16

During the second stage of labor, Carla's obstetrician performed an __________ to increase the size of the opening of the vagina.

A) equilateral
B) epitome
C) episiotomy
D) epidural

Question 17

The __________ stage of labor lasts about 90 minutes and ends when the baby has completely left the mother's body.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 18

The __________ stage of labor is the quickest and easiest and occurs when the child's umbilical cord and the placenta are expelled from the mother.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 19

The Apgar scale is designed to assess a neonate's __________.

A) emotional adjustment
B) cognitive capabilities
C) physical condition
D) social adjustment

Question 20

The Apgar scale measures a neonate on the following dimensions: __________,

A) head circumference, height, and weight
B) appearance, pulse, and grimace
C) taste, vision, and hearing
D) reaction to social and physical stimuli

Question 21

An Apgar score of 8 indicates that an infant is in __________ health.

A) poor
B) fair
C) unstable
D) good

Question 22

At birth, Natisha received a score of 1 for respiration on the Apgar scale. This means that her respiration rate was __________.

A) absent
B) slow and irregular
C) good
D) fast and irregular

Question 23

According to the Apgar scale, reflex irritability is referred to as __________.

A) color
B) heart rate
C) grimace
D) activity

Question 24

According to the Apgar scale, muscle tone is referred to as __________.

A) color
B) heart rate
C) grimace
D) activity

Question 25

Hilda was born flailing her arms and legs about. She would score a __________ on the Apgar scale for activity (muscle tone).

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Question 26

Mazi came into the world with a robust cry. He would score a __________ on the Apgar scale for respiration.

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Question 27

When Cameron was born, he was blue from head to toe as a result of having his umbilical cord wrapped around his neck. This severe restriction of oxygen to his body is called __________,

A) anorexia
B) anoxia
C) anomaly
D) animism

Question 28

A thick, greasy, cheese-like substance that covers a newborn is called __________.

A) virtue
B) baby cheese
C) vermix
D) new cheese

Question 29

Newborns are often born with fine, dark fuzz covering their bodies. This fuzz is known as __________,

A) cilia
B) baby hair
C) lashes
D) lanugo

Question 30

The close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth, argued by some to affect later relationship strength, is known as __________.

A) bonding
B) union
C) attachment
D) connection

Question 31

When Leticia was born, she was placed immediately on her mother's abdomen to promote __________.

A) bonding
B) sleeping
C) crying
D) connecting

Question 32

Research on bonding at birth suggests that __________.

A) mothers are hesitant to massage newborn babies
B) there is little support for a critical period for bonding at birth
C) newborn babies are unable to perceive gentle touches at birth
D) mother-child physical contact immediately after birth is critical

Question 33

There is a critical period just after birth when new organisms show a particular readiness to learn, or __________, from other members of their species who happen to be present.

A) brand
B) impress
C) imprint
D) stamp

Question 34

Which of the following birthing practices makes use of breathing techniques and relaxation training?

A) Lamaze method
B) Bradley Method
C) hypnobirthing
D) water birthing

Question 35

Trish and Troy will be parents soon. For the past several weeks, they have been participating in training sessions to prepare for childbirth. The sessions focus on strategies for relaxation and pain reduction. Which of the following birthing practices are they learning?

A) Lamaze method
B) Bradley Method
C) hypnobirthing
D) water birthing

Question 36

Proponents of which of the following birthing options urge parents to take responsibility for childbirth and view physicians as unnecessary and sometimes even dangerous?

A) Lamaze method
B) midwives
C) doulas
D) Bradley Method

Question 37

Self-hypnosis during delivery, which is meant to produce a sense of peace and calm through a focused concentration, is known as __________?

A) water birthing
B) hypnobirthing
C) the Lamaze method
D) the Bradley Method

Question 38

Which of the following childbirth techniques reduces pain but might increase the risk of infection?

A) Lamaze method
B) Bradley Method
C) hypnobirthing
D) water birthing

Question 39

A physician who specializes in delivering babies is called a(n) __________.

A) midwife
B) coach
C) instructor
D) obstetrician

Question 40

Kelly was grateful that she had a childbirth attendant to stay with her through her labor and delivery. This childbirth attendant, often a nurse, specializes in childbirth and is known as a(n) __________.

A) midwife
B) coach
C) instructor
D) obstetrician

Question 41

Research has shown that the presence of a __________ is beneficial to the birth process.

A) doula
B) surgeon
C) midwife
D) father

Question 42

Which of the following is a benefit of having a doula present at birth?

A) Doulas can prescribe pain-relieving medications.
B) Doulas are certified professionals.
C) Doulas decrease the reliance on drugs.
D) Doulas replace the need for an obstetrician.

Question 43

Misha had a type of anesthesia administered to her before her delivery that produced numbness from the waist down. This is called an __________.

A) epidermal
B) epidural
C) epitome
D) episiotomy

Question 44

Asha had an epidural when her first child was born, but her obstetrician told her that they now had a newer form of an epidural that permits the woman to move about more freely during labor and has fewer side effects. This form of epidural anesthesia is known as a __________ epidural.

A) sitting
B) standing
C) walking
D) running

Question 45

In the United States, Congress passed legislation mandating minimum insurance coverage of __________ hours for childbirth, thereby making this the standard for hospital stays.

A) 48
B) 24
C) 72
D) 96

Question 46

Joyce's baby was born prior to 38 weeks after conception. Her baby is known as a __________ infant.

A) mature
B) preterm
C) post-term
D) full-term

Question 47

Tamara entered this world weighing only 2 pounds, a result of being born prior to the 38th week. Tamara would be considered a __________ infant.

A) mature
B) preterm
C) post-term
D) full-term

Question 48

Doris waited expectantly for the arrival of her first child. However, the baby did not seem to be in any great hurry to make his appearance. Finally, two weeks past her due date, her doctor decided to induce labor. Doris gave birth to a healthy baby boy. Doris's baby would be considered a __________ infant.

A) postmature
B) premature
C) postdate
D) predate

Question 49

The single best predictor of preterm infant survival is the infant's __________.

A) height
B) temperature
C) weight
D) blood pressure

Question 50

Natalia, a preterm infant, maintained skin-to-skin contact with her parents in an effort to promote development. This skin-to-skin contact is called __________.

A) pouch care
B) kangaroo care
C) marsupial care
D) massage care

Question 51

The point at which an infant can survive a premature birth is called the age of __________.

A) capability
B) feasibility
C) innocence
D) viability

Question 52

The age of viability for preterm infants is approximately __________, which is nearly 4 months early.

A) 12 weeks
B) 22 weeks
C) 28 weeks
D) 32 weeks

Question 53

Tina is 14 years old and having her first child and has a higher likelihood of a premature delivery because __________.

A) she has an immature reproductive system
B) this is her first child
C) the father is also a teenager
D) she is having a single birth (rather than twins)

Question 54

Simona is carrying twins, which places unusual stress on her reproductive system. To prepare Simona for childbirth, the obstetrician warned her that she faces a higher risk of __________.

A) premature labor
B) postmature labor
C) extended labor
D) postpartum labor

Question 55

Elena and Pablo had planned to have their first child with a minimum of medical intervention. However, when the fetal monitor revealed that their child was in distress, their obstetrician recommended a(n) __________ delivery.

A) vaginal
B) cesarean
C) medical
D) emergency

Question 56

Alana's baby is positioned feet first in the birth canal. What is this birth position called?

A) breech
B) premature
C) cesarean
D) Lamaze

Question 57

The routine use of __________ is associated with an increase in the rate of cesarean deliveries.

A) germinal monitors
B) embryonic monitors
C) fetal monitors
D) infant monitors

Question 58

When Iris went to the hospital to have her baby, she was immediately hooked up to a(n) __________ so that the hospital staff could monitor the baby's heartbeat during labor.

A) germinal monitor
B) embryonic monitor
C) fetal monitor
D) infant monitor

Question 59

Sometimes a child does not live beyond its passage through the birth canal. The delivery of a child who is not alive is called a __________.

A) stiffbirth
B) silentbirth
C) quietbirth
D) stillbirth

Question 60

Two weeks before Helga was to deliver her baby, she noticed that her baby had not moved in quite some time. She made an appointment with her obstetrician, who confirmed that the baby had died. The eventual delivery of a child who is not alive is called a __________.

A) stiffbirth
B) silentbirth
C) quietbirth
D) stillbirth

Question 61

In the United States, the Family and Medical Leave Act requires most employers to provide new parents up to __________ weeks of unpaid leave following childbirth.

A) 4
B) 8
C) 12
D) 16

Question 62

Jan eagerly anticipated the birth of her first child. However, following the birth of a healthy baby, she found herself in the depths of depression. She cried constantly and was confused, and she felt incapable of caring for her child. Jan's physician diagnosed her with a classic case of __________.

A) prepartum depression
B) postpartum depression
C) prepartum oppression
D) postpartum oppression

Question 63

The rapid changes in the levels of estrogen and progesterone may cause __________.

A) prepartum depression
B) postpartum depression
C) prepartum anxiety
D) postpartum anxiety

Question 64

Long before Kaita Castro was born, she was able to soothe herself in utero by sucking on her thumb. Once she was born, she utilized the sucking reflex along with the __________ reflex to nurse.

A) turning
B) swallowing
C) walking
D) swimming

Question 65

Whenever Taraneh gently stroked her newborn daughter's cheek, the baby would turn in that direction as if she were searching for food. This is known as the __________ reflex.

A) sucking
B) swallowing
C) rooting
D) swimming

Question 66

The neonate's digestive system initially produces feces in the form of __________, a greenish-black material that is a remnant of the neonate's days as a fetus.

A) mucus
B) stool
C) bile
D) meconium

Question 67

Because the liver does not always work effectively, almost half of all newborns develop neonatal __________.

A) jaundice
B) yellow belly
C) liveritis
D) meconium

Question 68

Mr. and Mrs. Rajoria became concerned when their newborn daughter, Sunita, developed a yellowish tinge to her body and eyes soon after birth. Their pediatrician told them not to worry but recommended that Sunita be placed under fluorescent lights to help her overcome __________.

A) jaundice
B) yellow belly
C) liveritis
D) meconium

Question 69

As an infant, Lara Saenz's parents were amazed by the fact that when they moved a toy from one point to another, she seemed aware that the toy remained the same size even though the size of the image on the retina varied with distance. Lara's ability is known as __________ constancy.

A) shape
B) color
C) size
D) distance

Question 70

As an infant, Cheri could distinguish different colors such as the difference between red, green, yellow, and blue, even though she didn't know the names of the colors. Her two favorite colors were probably __________.

A) blue and green
B) red and green
C) red and yellow
D) blue and yellow

Question 71

Recent research on food preferences suggests that an infant's __________.

A) preferences are shaped by the father's diet
B) preferences are shaped by the mother's diet
C) preference for sweet flavors is learned by experience
D) preference for garlic is innate

Question 72

Ivan Pavlov found that by pairing the sound of a bell with the appearance of food, he could eventually get dogs to salivate at just the sound of the bell without the appearance of food. This illustrates __________.

A) instrumental conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) reflex conditioning

Question 73

Aaron loved to tease his best friend Sam. Aaron would say, "I bet I can make you blink at the sound of your name." When Aaron clapped his hands, Sam would blink. But now, Aaron clapped his hands just before calling out "Sam!" Eventually, Sam discovered that whenever anyone called his name loudly, he would blink. This illustrates __________.

A) instrumental conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) reflex conditioning

Question 74

Mrs. Park always caressed her daughter's forehead whenever she nursed her. Soon her daughter made sucking noises whenever anyone stroked her forehead. This illustrates __________.

A) instrumental conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) reflex conditioning

Question 75

Eleven-month-old "Little Albert" loves furry animals and shows no fear of rats. However, one day while playing with a white rat, he was startled by a loud noise and began to cry. Every time he played with the white rat after that, he heard the same loud noise. Eventually, the sight of the white rat alone made him cry. This illustrates __________.

A) instrumental conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) reflex conditioning

Question 76

As a baby, Anu learned that whenever she fussed, her mother would come running to comfort her. Thus, whenever Anu was distressed, she would fuss for her mother. This illustrates __________.

A) operation conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) reflex conditioning

Question 77

Six-week-old Elia learned that whenever she smiled, her mother would smile back and sometimes would pick her up. Elia started to smile more often so that she could get her mother's attention. This illustrates __________.

A) operation conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) reflex conditioning

Question 78

Alexander's mother tied a piece of ribbon to his foot and tied the other end of the ribbon to his mobile. Alexander quickly learned that by tugging on the ribbon he could make the mobile move. This soon became a favorite pastime for him. This illustrates __________.

A) operation conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) reflex conditioning

Question 79

Three-month-old Lori shook her new rattle vigorously; however, after a short time she would appear bored with the new toy and would stop playing with it. If her mother gave her a different rattle, she would again play. This illustrates __________.

A) habit
B) boredom
C) disinterest
D) habituation

Question 80

The foundation for early social interaction can be seen in an infant's ability to

A) imitate faces
B) look at faces
C) watch faces
D) remember faces