Deck 12: Self and Values

Question 1

Recent research on social comparison in young children suggests that children will have a more realistic understanding of their own status in the classroom if they

A) limit their use of social comparison.
B) pay closer attention to the feedback they receive from their teachers.
C) use social referencing prior to embarking on a new experience.
D) make frequent social comparisons based on achievement.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Babies begin to recognize themselves in the mirror at about age

A) one to four months.
B) six to nine months.
C) fifteen to eighteen months.
D) two to three years.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Feelings of worth and merit arising from an individual's evaluation of self are defined as the person's

A) inner self.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) self-attribution.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The tendency to use others to evaluate one's own activities is called

A) person perception.
B) social comparison.
C) external comparison.
D) personal comparison.

Question 5

The ________ other,the combined evaluations of parents,teachers,and peers that are influential to a person,helps to determine a person's self-esteem.

A) immaculate
B) expected
C) idealized
D) generalized

Question 6

When Clyde and Gavin were asked to describe themselves,Clyde said he was strong and fast,and Gavin said he was a better soccer player than most of his friends.Given these responses,which of the following statements is true?

A) Clyde and Gavin are probably the same age.
B) Gavin is probably older than Clyde.
C) Clyde is probably older than Gavin.
D) It is not possible to say which child is older.

Question 7

The realization of being an independent,unique,and stable entity with the ability to inwardly ascribe beliefs,knowledge,feelings,and characteristics is called an understanding of

A) self.
B) empathy.
C) altruism.
D) reflection.

Question 8

Evaluations of the self in terms of individual competencies may not be a favorable practice

A) among American teenagers.
B) in cultures where the community is emphasized.
C) in academics and sports.
D) among toddlers.

Question 9

Paul is only four and a half years old,and he loves football.He is excited to be going to a football game with his dad and hopes to meet many other football fans.Paul's view of himself as belonging to a group with a similar interest in football indicates that he has established a(n)________ self.

A) social
B) categorical
C) personal
D) inner

Question 10

Carla looked at a picture of herself and exclaimed,"That's me!" Carla's representation of herself as an object is called

A) categorical self.
B) perceptual self.
C) self-concept.
D) self-awareness.

Question 11

Children with low self-esteem generally

A) minimize the importance of the domains in which they are not especially competent.
B) gain satisfaction from the domains in which they are reasonably competent and disregard other domains.
C) have difficulty disregarding the importance of domains in which they are not especially competent.
D) show smaller competence/importance discrepancies than do children with high self-esteem.

Question 12

Of the two components of the self described by William James,the "me" component is called the ________ self.

A) objective
B) subjective
C) autonomous
D) reflective

Question 13

The Samoan culture values contributions to the collective community more than the American culture does.Which of the following is most likely to be true regarding Mary,an American child,and Iolani,a Samoan child,with respect to their senses of self?

A) There will be no differences between the two girls' conceptions of self.
B) Mary is more likely to evaluate her "self" in terms of individual competencies.
C) Iolani is more likely to evaluate her "self" in terms of individual competencies.
D) Both girls are equally likely to evaluate their concepts of "self" in terms of individual competencies,though Mary will do so at an earlier age.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a child recognizing that people can have multiple or opposing selves?

A) Kimberly observed that Jenny,her very best friend,could also be her worst enemy at times.
B) Sam was shocked to hear that his brother was good at playing both baseball and basketball.
C) Amy realized that her mother was not only her mom,but she was also a daughter herself.
D) Tyler agreed that scary movies can be both scary and fun at the same time.

Question 15

While looking at her reflection on the recently polished table top,baby Brianne notices some strawberry jam on the tip of her nose and reaches to touch her nose.Brianne has

A) self-esteem.
B) self-control.
C) self-regulation.
D) self-recognition.

Question 16

Older school-age children engage in increasingly ________ forms of social comparison.

A) conspicuous
B) obvious
C) subtle
D) aggressive

Question 17

The perceptions,conceptions,and values one holds about oneself is called

A) categorical self.
B) perceptual self.
C) self-concept.
D) self-recognition.

Question 18

By seven years of age,self-descriptions shift from

A) categorical activities to relational statements.
B) categorical activities to concrete statements.
C) relational statements to categorical statements.
D) relational statements to abstract statements.

Question 19

A study that examined children's use of social comparisons in an achievement task found that ________ made use of social comparisons to judge their abilities.

A) children three years of age and older
B) children five years of age and older
C) children seven years of age and older
D) the nine-year-olds but not the younger children

Question 20

A child who defines himself or herself in terms of membership in certain groups based on sex,age,or any other characteristic is establishing a(n)________ self.

A) categorical
B) subjective
C) social
D) inner

Question 21

According to James E.Marcia's theory,adolescents who actively explore issues but have yet to make any clear commitment are displaying a state of

A) identity-diffusion.
B) foreclosure.
C) moratorium.
D) identity-achievement.

Question 22

Which of the following statements regarding ethnic identity is true?

A) Self-esteem among minority children in the United States is consistently lower than that of Caucasian children.
B) Comfort with one's own ethnic identity can lead to greater tolerance of other ethnicities.
C) Ethnic identity and acculturation are synonymous terms in research.
D) Preschool children prefer dolls that match their own ethnicity.

Question 23

Children with _________ tend to minimize the value of the domains in which they are not skilled and maximize the satisfaction they gain from their areas of strength.

A) high self-esteem
B) low self-esteem
C) a reflective orientation
D) a mastery orientation

Question 24

A child's capacity to wait for some period before obtaining a highly desired object is called

A) self-regulation.
B) competence monitoring.
C) activity monitoring.
D) delay of gratification.

Question 25

A period of intense uncertainty about oneself and one's place in society is called

A) egocentrism.
B) identity crisis.
C) negative attribution.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 26

For infants and toddlers,regulation of behavior might best be labeled co-regulation since children and their caregivers jointly manage behavior.These joint efforts usually revolve around

A) societal demands.
B) demands for appropriate behavior.
C) demands for competent action.
D) caregiving demands.

Question 27

When asked about her favorite actor,Macy responds with a shrug.She claims she isn't really interested in films and doesn't have any desire to be.Macy is showing a state of

A) identity-diffusion.
B) foreclosure.
C) moratorium.
D) identity-achievement.

Question 28

For most minority families,ethnic socialization is carried out

A) at the expense of broader child-rearing goals.
B) within,not at the expense of,broader child-rearing goals.
C) in a well-structured manner.
D) with the intent of limiting acculturation.

Question 29

In the younger child,the process of self-regulation may be appropriately called co-regulation because

A) other children play an important role in this activity.
B) the child regulates more than one thought process at a time.
C) caregivers play an important role in this activity.
D) it is difficult to regulate behavior without involving the regulation of a thought or feeling.

Question 30

_________ is defined as the broad,coherent,internalized view of who a person is and what a person wants to be that emerges during adolescence.

A) The identity crisis
B) Self-esteem
C) Personal identity
D) The internal society

Question 31

The Chinese culture places a greater emphasis on humility that the American culture does.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding Susan,an American child,and Ling,a Chinese child,with respect to their senses of self-esteem?

A) Both girls will report the same level of self-esteem.
B) Ling is likely to report a lower self-esteem.
C) Susan is likely to report a lower self-esteem.
D) Susan and Ling will both report similar levels of self-esteem,as long as they attend the same school.

Question 32

Delay-of-gratification tasks are often used to

A) evaluate the child's self-esteem.
B) estimate the child's current level of intellectual ability.
C) evaluate the child's ability to regulate his or her own behavior.
D) evaluate the degree to which the child has bonded to his or her primary caregiver.

Question 33

Problems associated with the adolescent years seem to be most severe in cultures where greater independence is encouraged.Who is most likely to display the most problems during adolescence?

A) Suh-Jung,a first generation Korean-American
B) Isabel,a first generation Italian-American
C) Li,a fourth generation Japanese-American
D) Cecilia,a fourth generation Mexican-American

Question 34

________ refers to the sense of belonging to a specific cultural group.

A) Identification
B) Private identity
C) Ethnic identity
D) Self-identity

Question 35

Four-year-old Bill was banging on his toy drum when he suddenly remembered that his baby sister was sleeping."Mommy said not to play with the drum when baby sister is sleeping," Bill said to himself out loud.Bill stopped the banging and instead picked up a quiet toy.Bill is showing

A) inner self.
B) social cognition.
C) social comparison.
D) self-regulation.

Question 36

_________ refers to the sense of belonging to a specific cultural group as opposed to simply adopting its social practices,which is known more generally as _________.

A) Ethnic identity;acculturation
B) Acculturation;ethnic identity
C) Cultural identity;cultural inclusion
D) Cultural inclusion;cultural identity

Question 37

Gary avoids wrestling with an issue by simply choosing to accept what the majority of his peers believe.Gary could be labeled as having a status of

A) identity-diffusion.
B) foreclosure.
C) moratorium.
D) identity-achievement.

Question 38

The ability of children to control their own behavior to conform to the expectations of caregivers and other adults is called

A) alter ego.
B) self-regulation.
C) social cognition.
D) attribution retraining.

Question 39

Adolescents who have clear views about issues and base these views on their own decision-making are said to have a status of

A) identity-diffusion.
B) foreclosure.
C) moratorium.
D) identity-achievement.

Question 40

Clara and Marvin displayed a high discrepancy between their perceived and desired competence,but Clara perceived greater social support than did Marvin.Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Clara will have a lower sense of self-worth because gender is the most important factor influencing self-worth.
B) Clara will have a greater sense of self-worth because both the degree of discrepancy and social support are important factors influencing self-worth.
C) Clara and Marvin will have a similar sense of self-worth because the degree of discrepancy is the most important factor influencing self-worth.
D) It is impossible to predict the level of self-worth that any individual will have.

Question 41

Caregivers are likely to assist very young children with self-regulation in terms of ________ mechanisms by diverting or engaging the children.

A) attentional
B) cognitive
C) memory
D) social

Question 42

Six-year-old Shayla was asked to say which of two boys was more naughty: John,who broke one toy by throwing it down the stairs during a temper tantrum,or Kevin,who broke six toys when he lost his balance and fell on top of them.According to Piaget,Shayla will say

A) Kevin,because she is in the stage of moral realism and believes that breaking more toys is more naughty,regardless of the intentions surrounding the incident.
B) John,because she is in the stage of moral relativism and believes that John is more naughty because he acted deliberately and Kevin did not.
C) that neither boy is naughty because she has not yet acquired object permanence and does not understand the consequences of breaking a toy.
D) that both boys are equally naughty and she will refuse to pick one.

Question 43

Thomas will not touch the beautiful porcelain bird centerpiece that his mother purchased for the dining room table.According to social learning theory,Thomas will refrain from touching the porcelain bird because he

A) is able to grasp the concepts of right and wrong.
B) knows that he will get punished if he touches the porcelain bird.
C) is able to understand his mother's wishes.
D) wishes to please his mother.

Question 44

In terms of expressing conscience,girls are more likely than boys to express

A) guilt.
B) shame.
C) anger.
D) distress.

Question 45

According to social learning theory,________ facilitate the internalization of morally acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.

A) conflicting messages
B) increments of punishment
C) verbalizations
D) intonations

Question 46

Jean Piaget argues that the changes in moral reasoning that are observed in the developing child result primarily from

A) the developing child's decreasing egocentrism.
B) the developing child's increasing independence.
C) shifts in the parents' treatment of the growing child.
D) the developing child's maturing nervous system.

Question 47

When reasoning about moral issues,Diana takes into consideration the intentions of people's actions.Diana is exhibiting what Piaget called

A) moral realism.
B) moral relativism.
C) reciprocity.
D) imminent justice.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the emergence of conscience?

A) Ability to recognize emotional reactions
B) Ability to regulate and inhibit behavior
C) Parental behaviors,such as rumination
D) Parental behaviors,such as responsiveness

Question 49

The young child's belief that punishment will inevitably follow a transgression is called

A) moral realism.
B) imminent justice.
C) moral relativism.
D) punishment by reciprocity.

Question 50

Who is most likely to learn how to resist a temptation faster?

A) Timothy,who was punished in the morning for eating candy before the previous night's dinner.
B) David,who was punished immediately for eating candy before dinner and received a verbal explanation for why he should not eat candy before dinner.
C) Jason,who was not punished for eating candy before dinner,but received a verbal explanation for why he should not eat candy before dinner.
D) Ken,who was yelled at for eating candy before dinner and not allowed to eat dessert.

Question 51

According to Freud's theory,moral development arises during

A) infancy.
B) the preschool years.
C) the school years.
D) adolescence.

Question 52

Piaget studied moral development within which two contexts?

A) Moral dilemmas and ethical dilemmas
B) Games with formal rules and religious dilemmas
C) Games with formal rules and moral dilemmas
D) Moral dilemmas and religious dilemmas

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Children who watch an adult perform a prohibited act are more likely to perform that act themselves.
B) Children are more likely to follow a model's deviant behavior than his or her compliant behavior.
C) Children who observe an adult who resists temptation will commit fewer transgressions.
D) All of these.

Question 54

In order to track and reach a goal,children begin to display their own attentional strategies during the ________ years.

A) early infancy
B) late infancy
C) early preschool
D) late preschool

Question 55

________ is the process by which an individual comes to understand what society accepts as right and wrong.

A) Heuristic development
B) Self-control
C) Moral development
D) Affective development

Question 56

According to social learning theory,moral values are acquired

A) as any other behavior is,through rewards,benefits,and modeling.
B) through unique,domain-specific learning schemas.
C) via cognitive reasoning.
D) as social demands are internalized to reduce psychological tension.

Question 57

The degree to which preschool children achieve the ability to regulate their own behaviors has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT

A) improved literacy skills.
B) improved vocabulary skills.
C) improved geography skills.
D) improved mathematical skills.

Question 58

Albert Bandura assigned a large role in moral development to

A) moral dilemmas.
B) games with formal rules.
C) cognitive representations.
D) religious processing.

Question 59

Freud's theory of moral development includes the concept of the ________ ,a mechanism that promotes appropriate and desirable behaviors.

A) ego real
B) ego moral
C) ego ideal
D) ego ethos

Question 60

According to social learning theory,punishment is most effective in ensuring that a child will not violate an adult's prohibition if punishment occurs

A) just after the child violates the prohibition.
B) while the child is violating the prohibition.
C) after the child has violated the prohibition twice.
D) after the child shows repeated violations of the prohibition.

Question 61

Marty is always courteous and formal when greeting and speaking with his teachers and other adults.Marty shows awareness of

A) psychological knowledge.
B) the morality of care and responsibility.
C) social conventions.
D) moral knowledge.

Question 62

Turiel's domain-specific knowledge theory attempts to correct conventional theories of moral development tendencies for

A) identifying too few stages of moral development.
B) ignoring cultural differences in moral development.
C) treating moral development as a form of cognitive development.
D) confusing moral conventions with social conventions.

Question 63

Research suggests that disagreements between parents and children in regards to moral and social conventions are most likely to emerge

A) during adolescence.
B) only after they attain self-regulation.
C) only after they begin to understand imminent justice.
D) during the preschool years.

Question 64

Kohlberg based his theory of moral development upon children's responses to

A) games with formal rules and moral dilemmas.
B) dilemmas that forced a conflict between religion and law.
C) dilemmas that forced a conflict between a person in need and obeying authority to help the person.
D) games with formal rules,moral dilemmas,and dilemmas involving conflicts of many kinds.

Question 65

In Kohlberg's conventional stage of morality,children's

A) decisions are based on social norms.
B) behavior is motivated by the desire for rewards.
C) behavior is motivated by external pressures from others.
D) decisions are based on upholding principles and values of human rights.

Question 66

Empirical investigations of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have

A) provided evidence that most individuals skip certain stages.
B) failed to find any consistent relationship between gains in moral reasoning and gains in cognitive ability.
C) found a positive correlation between intellectual ability and the development of moral reasoning.
D) provided evidence that most individuals regress to earlier stages of moral development.

Question 67

Althea would like to see the government more than double its funding for research on an AIDS vaccine.She feels strongly that it is immoral to allow victims of the disease to die because of economic reasons.One might conclude that Althea is in which of Kohlberg's stages?

A) Preconventional
B) Postconventional
C) Unconventional
D) Conventional

Question 68

When asked why she did not yell at her sister for wrecking her car,Laura responded that if she were to yell at her sister,her family would be very upset and think she was selfish because her sister could have been killed in the accident.Kohlberg would place Laura in the _________ stage of moral development.

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) unconventional

Question 69

Which of the following statements concerning Kohlberg's theory of moral development is not true?

A) Kohlberg emphasized modeling of standards of behavior as the basis for shifts in moral reasoning.
B) Kohlberg viewed development as progressing in distinct stages.
C) Moral reasoning changes as the child's reasoning ability becomes more complex.
D) Kohlberg's theory can be viewed as an extension of Piaget's theory of moral development.

Question 70

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is most similar to

A) learning theory's emphasis on reinforcement and punishment as effective forces in shaping the child's behavior.
B) Freud's emphasis on the development of the ego and superego.
C) Darwin's theory of evolution and his emphasis on the adaptability of the individual.
D) Piaget's emphasis on the relationship between thinking capabilities and shifts in moral reasoning.

Question 71

One shortcoming of the cognitive-developmental theories of moral development is that

A) relationships between cognitive ability and moral reasoning have been difficult to establish.
B) unlike cognitive development,moral development clearly does not occur in distinct stages.
C) the theories have difficulty explaining cultural differences in moral development.
D) moral reasoning is not always related to moral behavior.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is most consistent with Carol Gilligan's point of view?

A) Males and females develop a morality of justice.
B) A female's moral reasoning may differ from a male's,but it is not necessarily inferior to a male's.
C) Females show a form of moral reasoning that is lower than that seen in males.
D) All moral judgments made by males and females are based on abstract principles of equity.

Question 73

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on many issues.Which of the following criticisms has not been advanced?

A) His theory fails to capture the many modes of moral reasoning across different cultures.
B) His theory maintains that females function at a higher stage of moral development than do males.
C) His theory may reflect a largely Western phenomenon because it does not allow for cultural differences in emphasis upon needs and laws.
D) His theory fails to account for individual differences in how individuals reason about moral issues at any given stage.

Question 74

In Kohlberg's theory,the first level of moral reasoning in which morality is motivated by the avoidance of punishments and attainment of rewards is called the _________ level.

A) conventional
B) postconventional
C) unconventional
D) preconventional

Question 75

When asked why he has not disrupted the class since his school detention,Edward responded that if he is reprimanded by his teachers again,his parents will not allow him to apply for a driver's license.Kohlberg would place Edward in what stage of moral development?

A) Postconventional
B) Conventional
C) Preconventional
D) Extraconventional

Question 76

Positive social conduct that benefits others is called

A) empathy.
B) hedonism.
C) sympathy.
D) prosocial behavior.

Question 77

According to Carol Gilligan,females tend to be concerned with morality of ________,making moral judgments on the basis of concern for others;in contrast,males tend to be concerned with morality of ________,making moral judgments on the basis of reason and abstract principles of equity.

A) care and responsibility;justice
B) justice;reciprocity
C) equality and reciprocity;laws and rules
D) social norms;proximity

Question 78

In Kohlberg's theory,the second level of moral reasoning in which moral reasoning is driven by a need to avoid disapproval and where society's authority must be maintained is called the _______ level.

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) unconventional

Question 79

The view that moral development results from the internalization of moral standards is evident in

A) psychodynamic theories of moral development.
B) social learning theories of moral development.
C) cognitive-developmental theories of moral development.
D) all of the major theories of moral development.

Question 80

In Kohlberg's theory,the third level of moral reasoning in which laws are seen as the result of a social contract and individual principles of conscience may emerge is called the _________ level.

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) unconventional