Deck 6: Learning

Question 1

In classical conditioning, what is paired with the UCS to produce learning?

A) CS
B) UCR
C) CR
D) neutral stimulus

Answer 1

neutral stimulus

Question 2

Another word for "learning" is _____.

A) maturation
B) contiguity learning
C) conditioning
D) latent learning

Answer 2

conditioning

Question 3

After being shocked for the last ten days when kissing your wife, you now feel mildly anxious whenever you approach her to give her a kiss. In classical conditioning, your wife was a(n) _____ stimulus ten days ago and has now become a(n) _____ stimulus.

A) unconditioned; conditioned
B) unconditioned; neutral
C) neutral; unconditioned
D) neutral; conditioned

Answer 3

neutral; conditioned

Question 4

Which of the following develops gradually during the course of conditioning?

A) UCS
B) CS
C) CR
D) UCR

Question 5

In the cardboard box conditioning example in the text, before conditioning, the box is the ____, the pizza is the _____, and the salivation is the ______.

A) CS; UCS; CR
B) UCS; CS; UCR
C) NS; UCS; UCR
D) CS; UCR; CR

Question 6

A conditioned emotional response, such as Little Albert's fear, is an emotion that is _____.

A) operantly conditioned
B) evoked by a previously neutral stimulus
C) repeatedly rewarded
D) evoked by an unconditional stimulus

Question 7

Which of the following is a criticism of the Watson and Rayner Little Albert study?

A) It was a violation of APA ethnical guidelines for research.
B) Watson and Rayner never extinguished Little Albert's fear of the rat.
C) Watson and Rayner did not measure Little Albert's fear of the rat subjectively.
D) a and b

Question 8

Classical conditioning falls under which perspective of psychology?

A) humanism
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of the use of classical conditioning in everyday life?

A) positive reinforcement for behavior that you are wanting to be repeated
B) the use of seductive women to sell cars to men
C) politicians' learning to associate themselves with home, family, babies, and the American flag
D) b and c

Question 10

The phenomenon in the Little Albert experiment, in which Little Albert learned to fear not only the rat (the CS) but other objects as well such as a rabbit, is an example of ___________.

A) stimulus generalization
B) extinction
C) reinforcement
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?

A) Hank thinks all elderly drivers are slow and leave their blinkers on.
B) Sung-lee believes that everyone should wear their seat belts because she was hurt in an accident when she wasn't wearing one.
C) After an accident with a red car last month, Giorgio gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van.
D) Phoung is an aggressive driver, but stops for red lights because she got a ticket for running one several months ago.

Question 12

Extinction _____.

A) is a gradual disappearance of a learned behavior
B) occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS
C) is a weakening of the association between the CS and the CR
D) a and b

Question 13

The use of classical conditioning techniques to treat alcoholism _______.

A) is extremely effective
B) only works with some patients
C) violates the ethical standards of the American Psychological Association
D) actually creates an increase in alcoholism

Question 14

The use of attractive models to sell products is an application of _____ conditioning.

A) classical
B) operant
C) observational
D) passive

Question 15

An example of _____________ would be if you did not like to study for psychology, so you decide that you will only go to the mall (a behavior that you enjoy) after you have spent 2 hours studying.

A) the law of effect
B) Skinner's law
C) the Premack principle
D) stimulus generalization

Question 16

Two-year-old Rumiko started whining at the grocery store. The best way for her parents to extinguish this behavior is to praise her _____ when she is NOT whining at the store and leave the store _____.

A) consistently; every time she whines
B) most of the time; every other time she whines
C) some of the time; when they are done shopping
D) None of these options; they should stop taking her to the store.

Question 17

A weekly paycheck would be an example of a ____________ schedule.

A) fixed ratio
B) variable ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable interval

Question 18

When a teacher uses a fixed interval schedule for quizzes (e.g., every Friday), this usually encourages students to _____.

A) avoid studying until the last minute
B) decrease the likelihood of attending class on Friday
C) increase the likelihood of cheating
D) increase the likelihood of proactive behavior

Question 19

When your young son picks up a spoon, you clap. You laugh and applaud when he later brings the spoon toward his mouth. When he places the spoon in his mouth you hug and kiss him all over. It is MOST likely that you are _____.

A) using a variable ratio reinforcement technique
B) reinforcing gross motor skills
C) excited to see his ability to feed himself
D) using shaping to teach your son to eat with spoon

Question 20

On average, people leave ____ of their money in Nevada casinos. They keep playing, however, due to reinforcers being delivered on a ____ schedule.

A) 25%; variable interval
B) 30%; variable interval
C) 30%; variable ratio
D) 25%; variable ratio

Question 21

Momoko learned to water ski as a result of _______.

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) aversive training
D) positive punishment

Question 22

A Skinner box is the name for the _____.

A) laboratory used by B. F. Skinner
B) classical conditioning container used by Pavlov.
C) apparatus used to study classical conditioning
D) apparatus used to study the effects of reinforcement on animal behavior

Question 23

To prevent your children from swimming in their pool when you are not home, you don't allow them to stay home alone when you are not there. If you send them to the neighbor's house instead, you are using ____________.

A) negative punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) positive reinforcement

Question 24

Which of the following is a criticism of punishment?

A) Iit does not lead to a decrease in behavior.
B) It actually leads to an increase in behavior.
C) It does not signal to the learner the appropriate behavior.
D) both a and c

Question 25

Because Diane is unhappy, she often yells at her husband. As a result, he has joined a variety of clubs so that he can stay away from his wife. The husband's actions would be an example of ______________.

A) avoidance behavior
B) temporary suppression
C) learned helplessness
D) passive aggressiveness

Question 26

When a parent spanks a child for hitting another child, the parent is ____ the behavior for the child, which will affect the effectiveness of the punishment.

A) shaping
B) modeling
C) chaining
D) trialing

Question 27

An example of ___________ would be a child who having just been spanked for having a temper tantrum decides to go to the bathroom on the floor in retaliation for being punished.

A) avoidance behavior
B) learned helplessness
C) increased aggression
D) passive aggressiveness

Question 28

An example of _____________ would be if you miss your curfew and decide it is best if you do not enter the house using the front door, where your parents will be waiting for you.

A) avoidance behavior
B) learned helplessness
C) temporary suppression
D) passive aggressiveness

Question 29

An example of ______________ would be a dean who is upset with her faculty member and so decides to show up 30 minutes late to observe the teacher's class presentation.

A) avoidance behavior
B) learned helplessness
C) temporary suppression
D) passive aggressiveness

Question 30

A procedure in which people's bodily functions are recorded and the information is made known to them so that they can increase voluntary control over these functions is known as _____.

A) programmed instruction
B) biofeedback
C) biological monitoring
D) the law of effect

Question 31

Mamie has an EMG attached to her forehead and when tension rises, a computer says, "That's too high"; and when it drops to normal or lower levels, it says, "That's very good." Mamie is using _____ to decrease her tension headaches.

A) primary reinforcement
B) computerized reinforcement
C) biofeedback
D) electromyography monitoring

Question 32

Biofeedback involves which of the following?

A) positive reinforcement
B) secondary reinforcement
C) shaping
D) all of the above

Question 33

An example of _________ would be a mother with a child, who after wandering aimlessly through the mall nearly every weekend, asks you where the nearest toy store is and you know exactly where to direct her.

A) Kohler's insight learning
B) Tolman's latent learning
C) a Clingon map
D) sublingual mapping

Question 34

Tolman's study on latent learning showed that ________.

A) rats that were continuously reinforced made more mistakes in navigating through the maze.
B) rats that were not reinforced for getting through the maze made more mistakes navigating through the maze.
C) rats that were later reinforced quickly caught up to the performance of rats that were continually reinforced throughout the course of the study.
D) b and c

Question 35

Evidence for cognitive maps exists for _______.

A) humans
B) snakes
C) rats
D) a and c

Question 36

An example of how prejudice is acquired through __________ would be if a mother acts upset and fearful when exposed to a particular ethnic group, it is likely that her child will learn to be upset when exposed to the same ethnic group.

A) shaping
B) classical conditioning
C) observational learning
D) latent learning

Question 37

Based on observational learning research, which of the following is TRUE?

A) Children who watch aggression are less likely to aggress because they have gotten it out of their systems.
B) Children will imitate an aggressive model who appears to receive a reinforcer as a result of the behavior.
C) Television and movie aggression are not related to real-life aggression in children because they can tell the difference between fantasy and reality.
D) If you watched aggressive television when you were a child and it didn't make you more aggressive, this is evidence that aggressive TV does not influence children's behavior.

Question 38

Which of the following is required for you to learn by observation?

A) The model must exactly match you in age, gender, and other characteristics.
B) You must organize and remember what you saw.
C) You must be able (e.g., physically or developmentally) to reproduce what you observed.
D) b and c

Question 39

Rats raised in an enriched versus a deprived environment typically develop all of the following EXCEPT_____.

A) increased nerve growth factor
B) more dendritic connections
C) improved performance on learning tasks
D) more neurons

Question 40

______ is/are (a) biological constraint(s) that limit(s) the generalizability of learning principles.

A) Innate species instincts
B) Biological preparedness
C) Instinctive drift
D) b and c

Question 41

An example of _________ would be if you taught coyotes to avoid sheep by pairing a nausea-inducing drug with freshly killed sheep eaten by the coyotes.

A) applied research
B) operant conditioning
C) positive punishment
D) negative punishment

Question 42

This was an example of _____ because it demonstrated that the chicken's innate pattern of running after food (the ball) took precedence over running toward a stationary object (first base).

A) an autonomic reflex
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) instinctive drift

Question 43

Lauryn has an irrational fear of flying. Use classical conditioning theory to explain how she learned this fear. Provide a definition of each of the terms used in this theory, and indicate each term in Lauryn's conditioning. Based on what you know about classical conditioning, what strategies might be effective in eliminating Lauryn's fear?

Question 44

Describe the processes of generalization, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and higher-order/discriminative stimulus in classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Use an example of each type of conditioning to illustrate your comparison.

Question 45

Imagine that you are a behavioral psychologist who wants to help a father increase his daughter's compliance in mowing the backyard without being reminded. Develop a plan that will include both positive and negative reinforcement, and positive and negative punishment. Your plan must demonstrate your understanding of the effects of reinforcement and punishment on specific behavior.

Question 46

Explain the importance of schedules of reinforcement in the effective use of reinforcement and punishment. Provide an example of each to illustrate your explanation. Which schedule is most effective, and why?

Question 47

Imagine that you want to teach your dog to shake "hands"
with visitors. Design a program based on shaping to accomplish your goal.

Question 48

Contrast classical and operant conditioning with regard to consequences, types of responses, and order of behaviors, illustrating your answer with an example of why someone in each learning condition would stop flying in airplanes.

Question 49

Explain the importance of Kohler's and Tolman's research to human learning, and provide an example of how you might use insight and latent learning in your everyday life.

Question 50

Define observational learning, including a description of the four processes that are essential for it to work, and an example of your own observational learning.

Question 51

Define biological preparedness and describe how it is related to classical and operant conditioning, providing an example from your own life.