Deck 3: Genetics and Heredity

Question 1

________ code for the production of proteins and enzymes that underlie traits and characteristics inherited from one generation to the next.

A) Gene's
B) Allele's
C) Chromatid's
D) Chromosome's

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When psychologists refer to a person's outward appearance,they are referring to that person's

A) karyotype.
B) physiotype.
C) genotype.
D) phenotype.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A(n)________ is the specific variation found in a particular gene that provides a genetic basis for many individual differences.

A) autosome
B) chromatid
C) nucleotide
D) allele

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A ________ is a large segment of nucleotides within a chromosome that codes for the production of proteins and enzymes.

A) karyotype
B) gamete
C) gene
D) genome

Question 5

Egg and sperm cells differ from most other cells in the human body because they

A) do not contain alleles.
B) are not able to be karyotyped.
C) contain twenty-three homologous pairs of chromosomes.
D) contain half as many chromosomes as other cells.

Question 6

The ________ is the product of the interaction between the ________ and the environment.

A) genotype;phenotype
B) genotype;physiotype
C) phenotype;genotype
D) phenotype;zygotype

Question 7

Mendel proposed that the two members of a pair of genes are not always identical.These alternate forms of a specific gene are called

A) alleles.
B) autosomes.
C) chromosomes.
D) gametes.

Question 8

The total genetic endowment inherited by an individual is called the

A) karyotype.
B) genotype.
C) phenotype.
D) zygotype.

Question 9

Peter,who works in a genetics research laboratory,was recently able to obtain a photo of his twenty-three pairs of chromosomes.This photographic record is called a(n)

A) autosome.
B) genotype.
C) karyotype.
D) genome.

Question 10

The sequence of nucleotides that resembles a long,spiral staircase is called ________,or DNA.

A) diribonucleic acid
B) deoxyribonucleic acid.
C) diribonucleic analog.
D) deoxyribonucleic analog.

Question 11

The egg and sperm cells are called

A) zygotes.
B) gametes.
C) autosomes.
D) nucleotides.

Question 12

Pairs of genes that determine hereditary attributes are found on

A) one nucleotide base pair.
B) one chromosome.
C) two paired chromosomes.
D) two unpaired chromosomes.

Question 13

The observable and measurable characteristics and traits of an individual are called the

A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) karyotype.
D) zygotype.

Question 14

Genes are made up of various arrangements of four nitrogen-based chemical building blocks called

A) DNA.
B) chromosomes.
C) nucleotides.
D) neurotransmitters.

Question 15

When psychologists refer to the hereditary factors that underlie a characteristic,they are referring to the

A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) allele.
D) karyotype.

Question 16

The long,threadlike structures that are located in the nucleus of each cell in the body are called

A) genomes.
B) chromosomes.
C) RNA.
D) spirals.

Question 17

The first twenty-two pairs of homologous chromosomes are called the

A) gametes.
B) autosomes.
C) chromatids.
D) nucleotides.

Question 18

Human beings have twenty-three ________ pairs of chromosomes.

A) homogeneous
B) heterogeneous
C) homologous
D) heterologous

Question 19

The entire inventory of genes,including 3 billion chemical base pairs,that make up every human's biological inheritance is called

A) the human genome.
B) the universal karyotype.
C) human factors mapping.
D) the Watson and Crick structure.

Question 20

A pictorial representation of an individual's chromosomes is called a ________,or a photomicrograph.

A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) nucleotype
D) karyotype

Question 21

The genetic characteristics of recessive genes

A) tend to mask the characteristics of dominant genes.
B) are always expressed in the phenotype.
C) are usually codominant.
D) tend to be masked by the characteristics of dominant genes.

Question 22

The genotype in which two alleles of a gene are identical,thus having the same effects on a trait,is called

A) homozygous.
B) heterozygous.
C) blended.
D) codominant.

Question 23

When the cells of the bones divide to make new cells for bone growth,they undergo the process of

A) meiosis.
B) mitosis.
C) myopsis.
D) microtopsis.

Question 24

The fertilized ovum is called a(n)

A) centromere.
B) embryo.
C) zygote.
D) chromosome.

Question 25

The larger of the two chromosomes associated with the genetic determination of sex is called the ________ chromosome.

A) XX
B) X
C) XY
D) Y

Question 26

The process of cell division that takes place in most cells of the human body and results in a full complement of identical material in the forty-six chromosomes in each cell is called

A) replication.
B) mitosis.
C) meiosis.
D) duplication.

Question 27

The process of cell division that forms the gametes and usually results in a cell containing twenty-three chromosomes is called

A) crossing over.
B) mutation.
C) meiosis.
D) mitosis.

Question 28

The process of ________ involves two successive generations of cell divisions that result in four cells with twenty-three chromosomes each.

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) crossing over
D) codominance

Question 29

Carlos has inherited from his mother and father the same allelic form of the gene that codes for blood type.Carlos is ________ for blood type.

A) dominant
B) recessive
C) homozygous
D) heterozygous

Question 30

The element responsible for the development of a male individual is the

A) gonads.
B) X chromosome.
C) Y chromosome.
D) autosome.

Question 31

Jane has blue eyes.Her biological mother and father have brown eyes,which indicates that each of her parents contributed a _______ allele for eye color.

A) dominant
B) recessive
C) homozygous
D) heterozygous

Question 32

Claudia has cystic fibrosis,a genetic disease that has been traced to a recessive gene.Claudia inherited the disorder from

A) either parent.
B) both parents.
C) one parent with the recessive allele.
D) at least one parent.

Question 33

The genotype in which two alleles of a gene are different is called ________.The effects on a trait will depend on how the two alleles interact.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) codominance
D) crossed

Question 34

________ is the process during the first stage of meiosis by which genetic material is exchanged between autosomes.

A) Dominance
B) Codominance
C) Crossing over
D) Segmental transfer

Question 35

The characteristics of a(n)________ allele are reflected in a person's phenotype even when it is part of a heterozygous genotype.

A) blended
B) enzymatic
C) dominant
D) recessive

Question 36

The characteristics of a(n)________ allele are usually not reflected in a person's phenotype unless that person is homozygous for that trait.

A) dominant
B) recessive
C) alternate
D) enzymatic

Question 37

Kristen and Peter just had a baby boy.If he has no genetic abnormality,the newborn baby's twenty-third set of chromosomes must contain

A) two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome.
B) one X chromosome and two Y chromosomes.
C) one X chromosome and a very large Y chromosome.
D) one X chromosome and a smaller Y chromosome.

Question 38

When characteristics of both alleles are seen in the phenotype of a child,the alleles are said to exhibit

A) balanced dominance.
B) correlated characteristics.
C) codominance.
D) recessive characteristics.

Question 39

When a ________ cell division occurs,each daughter cell has a pair of chromosomes that is identical to the original pair.

A) mitotic
B) meiotic
C) autosomal
D) mother

Question 40

________ genes are genes that code for the production of proteins that govern the physiological functions of a cell.

A) Recessive
B) Structural
C) Dominant
D) Regulator

Question 41

Williams syndrome is an unusual genetic disorder that is the result of

A) the combination of two recessive genes.
B) deleted genes on a specific chromosome.
C) the presence of at least one dominant gene.
D) prenatal exposure to alcohol.

Question 42

________,a molecule somewhat similar to DNA,copies segments of the nucleotide sequences making up genes.

A) mRNA
B) mDNA
C) qRNA
D) qDNA

Question 43

Williams syndrome has drawn the attention of psychologists due to

A) the complexity of the mutation.
B) an uneven profile of strengths and weaknesses.
C) increasing rate of diagnosis in recent years.
D) extreme social inhibitions exhibited.

Question 44

Angela has sickle cell trait.Which of the following is not likely to trigger the sickling of her red blood cells?

A) Strenuous exercise
B) Poor nutrition
C) Flying in an unpressurized airplane
D) Hiking in high-altitude regions

Question 45

________ is a recessive genetic disorder characterized by crescent-shaped red blood cells that are ineffective in carrying oxygen and survive for less time than normal red blood cells.

A) Sickle cell anemia
B) Huntington's disease
C) Phenylketonuria
D) Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Question 46

________ is a dominant genetic disorder,which can also result from mutations,that usually is characterized by distinctive facial features,unusual postures and gaits,and most strikingly an uneven profile of cognitive and social strengths and weaknesses.

A) Sickle cell anemia
B) Williams syndrome
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Thalassemia

Question 47

Tasha's newborn was found to have a serious but treatable heart condition.Because this heart condition was evident at birth,it is said to be a(n)________ disorder.

A) passive
B) genetic
C) congenital
D) inherited

Question 48

Which of the following is not a true statement about mutations?

A) Mutations have not been linked to any diseases observed in individuals under twenty-five years of age.
B) Most mutations are lethal and result in the loss of the zygote through spontaneous abortion.
C) Some mutations occur spontaneously and are harmless.
D) Mutations introduce genetic diversity among individuals.

Question 49

________ refers to instances of genetic transmission where the expression of a gene is determined by whether the particular allelic form has been inherited from the mother or the father.

A) Genomic imprinting
B) Genomic partiality
C) Allelic imprinting
D) Allelic partiality

Question 50

A phenotypic characteristic influenced by two or more genes is a ________ trait.

A) polygenic
B) polydominant
C) recessive
D) cooperative

Question 51

________ is the classification given to those who have a heterozygous genotype for sickle cell anemia.

A) Thalassemia
B) Cooley's anemia
C) Sickle cell trait
D) Sickle cell phenotype

Question 52

The field of ________ is fast developing.Its concern is with genetic modifications not dependent on the genetic code itself.

A) adiogenetics
B) envigenetics
C) epigenetics
D) proteomics

Question 53

________ is a major field of study that investigates the structure and function of proteins.

A) Adiogenetics
B) Envigenetics
C) Epigenetics
D) Proteomics

Question 54

A sudden change in the molecular structure of a gene,called a(n)________,may occur spontaneously or may be caused by an environmental event such as radiation.

A) devastation
B) deviation
C) mutation
D) alteration

Question 55

Although eye color is typically considered to be determined by dominant-recessive allelic forms of a single gene,other genes may influence it as well.In this case,eye color may be considered a _________ trait.

A) phenotypic
B) polygenic
C) heterozygous
D) codominant

Question 56

Dr.Hodgkins treats pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia.Which of the following treatments is he likely to suggest for alleviating the more serious symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

A) Hemoglobin therapy and gene therapy
B) Metabolic monitoring and gene therapy
C) Blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants
D) Bone marrow transplants and metabolic monitoring

Question 57

Tristan has inherited a gene for Type A blood from his mother and a gene for Type B blood from his father.Tristan's blood type is AB,which is an example of

A) unbalanced alleles.
B) balanced alleles.
C) crossing over.
D) codominance.

Question 58

Which of the following is not true of Williams Syndrome?

A) Poor numerical skills and high reading ability are typical of those with Williams syndrome.
B) Williams syndrome patients tend to have uncommon ability to create and imitate music.
C) Most are diagnosed during mid-adulthood,after the genetic material has been passed on to their children.
D) Symptoms include abnormal posture,gait,and facial features.

Question 59

Tomas has Prader-Willi syndrome,a consequence of a lack of inheritance of a particular gene or set of genes from his father.This is an example of

A) allelic imprinting.
B) genomic imprinting.
C) genomic partiality.
D) allelic partiality.

Question 60

Which of the following could be considered an explanation of the adaptive value of sickle cell trait?

A) Resistance to malaria
B) Energy conservation
C) Lowering body temperature
D) Normal hemoglobin metabolism

Question 61

________ is an example of a genetic disorder that is environmentally modifiable via diet.

A) Sickle cell anemia
B) Hemophilia
C) Thalassemia
D) Phenylketonuria

Question 62

Joanna,a child born with the genetic condition PKU,may suffer mental retardation unless

A) the child undergoes gene therapy.
B) the child is given drug therapy.
C) the child's diet is restricted to eliminate phenylalanine.
D) the child's diet is restricted to eliminate ribonucleic acid.

Question 63

Most pregnancies that involve a trisomy

A) result in spontaneous abortion.
B) carry to full term.
C) require cesarean birth.
D) cause internal bleeding in the mother.

Question 64

Justin is a child with a sex chromosome abnormality.He and other children with this abnormality are more likely than children without sex chromosome abnormalities to show school and psychosocial problems

A) even when they are raised in a positive and supportive environment.
B) when they have two or more older siblings.
C) when they are raised in a stressful environment.
D) only when a parent has a similar anomaly.

Question 65

Males are more likely than females to inherit sex-linked disorders because

A) most sex-linked disorders are on the Y chromosome.
B) males do not inherit an X chromosome from their mothers.
C) males do not have a second normal X chromosome to mask the effects of the abnormal X chromosome.
D) males inherit both an abnormal X and an abnormal Y chromosome.

Question 66

David has not yet shown signs of PKU and is already being treated.This is because his PKU was detected by

A) a blood test.
B) the age of ten years.
C) the parents.
D) the first trimester of gestation.

Question 67

Individuals with trisomy 21 who live beyond the age of forty tend to develop the abnormal brain cells and behavioral symptoms associated with

A) sex chromosome syndrome.
B) Alzheimer's disease.
C) phenylketonuria.
D) Down syndrome.

Question 68

The vast majority of babies born with Down syndrome have an extra ________ chromosome.

A) thirteenth
B) eighteenth
C) twenty-first
D) twenty-third

Question 69

Dr.Montenegro treats patients with PKU.She regularly answers questions related to the disease.Which of the following is not one of the concerns associated with PKU?

A) Can PKU be adequately controlled without weekly blood tests?
B) Will enforcing a bland diet lead to child/parent conflicts?
C) Can children with PKU engage in strenuous exercise?
D) Are children born to PKU mothers at risk for suffering congenital heart defects?

Question 70

An unusual feature of some genetic disorders is that their severity can increase from one generation to the next.This is known as the _______ phenomenon.

A) anticipation
B) generation
C) fragile X
D) expectancy

Question 71

The chances of having an infant born with Down syndrome

A) increase as maternal age increases.
B) increase as paternal age increases.
C) decrease as paternal age increases.
D) decrease as maternal age increases.

Question 72

The consequences of a recessive metabolic disorder such as PKU can be counteracted with a modification in dietary intake,making PKU a good example of

A) the benefits of having a dominant masking gene.
B) the benefits of having an unexpressed recessive gene.
C) how the phenotype and environment interact to affect the genotype.
D) how the genotype and environment interact to affect the phenotype.

Question 73

Frederick was born with an anomaly on his X chromosome,but he displays no symptoms.If this mutation is passed on to his children,who is most likely to display full-blown fragile X syndrome according to the phenomenon of anticipation?

A) His son
B) His daughter
C) His grandson
D) His granddaughter

Question 74

The condition known as ________ occurs when an extra chromosome is inherited.

A) trigenesis
B) trisomy
C) Down syndrome
D) Turner syndrome

Question 75

Individuals with sex chromosome syndromes may be more vulnerable to ________ than children with a normal complement of sex chromosomes.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) dietary issues
C) disruptive caregiving patterns
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 76

The leading cause of mental retardation in males is ________,a disorder caused by a pinched region on the X chromosome.

A) Turner syndrome
B) fragile X syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) recessive Y syndrome

Question 77

If a genetic disease is sex linked,it is likely that females will ________ and males will ________

A) be carriers of the disease;be carriers of the disease.
B) be carriers of the disease;have the disease.
C) have the disease;be carriers of the disease.
D) have the disease;have the disease.

Question 78

The Coopers just had a baby who tested positive for the recessive metabolic condition called PKU.Their pediatrician has instructed them to

A) have the baby undergo gene therapy.
B) use milk instead of formula to feed the baby.
C) monitor their child's diet beginning in early adolescence.
D) restrict the baby's intake of milk and meats.

Question 79

Which sex chromosome abnormality is impossible?

A) XXXY
B) YO
C) XO
D) XXYY

Question 80

Even with proper dietary controls,children with PKU may display

A) colorblindness.
B) severe mental retardation.
C) some growth and intellectual deficiencies.
D) depressed immune systems.