Deck 10: Intergroup Relations

Question 1

When we examine the way that skinheads behave towards Roma gypsies in Europe, we are looking at

A) social cognition.
B) intergroup relations.
C) contagion.
D) stereotyping.

Answer 1

intergroup relations.

Question 2

According to early social psychologist Gustav Le Bon (1896), three characteristics associated with crowd behaviour are

A) aggressiveness, deindividuation, impulsiveness.
B) anonymity, aggressiveness, suggestibility.
C) social facilitation, automatic thinking, deindividuation.
D) anonymity, suggestibility, contagion.

Answer 2

anonymity, suggestibility, contagion.

Question 3

When irrational or violent acts sweep through a crowd of people, this is termed

A) confrontation.
B) contagion.
C) aggression.
D) brutality.

Answer 3

contagion.

Question 4

Which social psychologist rejected the "group mind" theory of crowd behaviour?

A) Le Bon
B) Allport
C) Milgram
D) McDougall

Question 5

Which of the following was not found in research by Prati & Pietrantoni (2009) regarding Italian police officers' perceptions of crowds?

A) Police officers distinguished between the majority of non-violent crowd members and a minority of trouble-makers.
B) Police officers do not perceive themselves as responsible for initiation or development of crowd violence.
C) Whether members are violent or not, police officers tend to view crowds as a homogeneous threat.
D) Violence was usually initiated by a few crowd members with violent tendencies.

Question 6

When people are in large groups, they feel anonymous and are less likely to follow the usual rules of behaviour. This is called

A) aggression.
B) deindividuation.
C) diffusion.
D) "individual mind".

Question 7

__________________ refers to the psychological state that occurs when a person loses awareness of himself or herself as a distinct individual and as a result, is less likely to follow the usual rules of behaviour.

A) "Group mind"
B) Contagion
C) Diffusion
D) Deindividuation

Question 8

Ron is attending a crowded street festival with many other excited attendees. Suddenly two men start scuffling, then throwing punches. Soon, the street is full of men fighting each other. Even though Ron is usually a very calm person, he also joins in. Ron is probably experiencing

A) deindividuation.
B) social compensation.
C) collective effort.
D) social loafing.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a factor in leading to deindividuation?

A) increased self-awareness
B) lack of accountability
C) anonymity
D) All of these contribute to deindividuation.

Question 10

Like many other people at the football game, Mark and Len painted their faces with their team's colours. During the game, they tossed their empty soft drink cups at other attendees. According to the concept of deindividuation, their behaviour is likely a result of

A) increased self-awareness.
B) increased accountability.
C) anonymity.
D) all of the above.

Question 11

According to research by Johnson & Downing (1979), which examined the relationship between anonymity and prosocial/antisocial cues in the environment, which of the following is TRUE?

A) Wearing uniforms makes no difference to someone's behaviour.
B) When there are prosocial cues in the environment, deindividuation may increase prosocial behaviour (giving fewer shocks).
C) When there are antisocial cues in the environment, deindividuation may increase prosocial behaviour (giving fewer shocks).
D) All participants wearing a uniform gave higher shocks (an antisocial behaviour).

Question 12

At times the group may influence an individual so that the individual loses the sense of self as a distinct individual, thereby acting in ways that are outside normal rules of behaviour. This group influence is known as

A) deindividuation.
B) loss of self.
C) mob control.
D) moral loss.

Question 13

All of the following are factors that lead to deindividuation, except

A) anonymity.
B) accountability.
C) multiple group leaders.
D) decreases in self-awareness.

Question 14

When she got home Rosa was shocked that she had been part of a rowdy group of fans after the hockey game. "I would never act like that. I'm not sure who that was!" said Rosa. Her behaviour can be explained by

A) social facilitation.
B) accountability.
C) deindividuation.
D) moral loss.

Question 15

Francois noticed that his military unit engaged in more questionable behaviours when they were in uniform as opposed to their civilian clothes. They experienced deindividuation due to

A) decrease in self awareness.
B) multiple group leaders.
C) accountability.
D) anonymity.

Question 16

Children who were trick-or-treating were told to take just one piece of candy. Those children who were asked to identify themselves by name and where they lived were more likely to take just one piece of candy compared to children who were not asked for information. This is because

A) they were anonymous.
B) they had increased accountability.
C) they had a decrease in self-awareness.
D) they had costumes.

Question 17

Marisa, who coaches a junior high school soccer team, is concerned because some team members occasionally "play dirty". Marisa, who has taken a social psychology course, thinks that the cause may be the anonymity given to the players by their team uniforms. What would be a good way for Marisa to decrease deindividuation?

A) She should talk to the offending players.
B) She should change their uniforms.
C) She should decrease the team member's self-awareness.
D) She should make each team member have their names on their uniforms.

Question 18

The textbook notes that the Vancouver riot in June 2011 had several factors leading to deindividuation: anonymity, as well as a lack of ______________ and a decrease in ___________________.

A) accountability; self-awareness
B) contagion; "individual mind"
C) social identity; personal identity
D) prosocial behaviour; contagion

Question 19

The textbook suggests that the Stanford Prison Experiment (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973) and systematic prisoner abuse at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq are similar because guards in both situations experienced _____________________.

A) deindividuation
B) victimization
C) contagion
D) psychological problems

Question 20

According to the textbook, Stephen Reicher has focused attention on one important dimension of crowd behaviour that has been overlooked by many social psychological theories. This dimension is the crowd's _______________ nature.

A) "mad"
B) "bad"
C) intra-group
D) inter-group

Question 21

In attempts to enhance self-esteem, people are influenced by both their personal identity and their social identity; as explained by the

A) personal identity theory.
B) deprivation theory.
C) realistic identity theory.
D) social identity theory.

Question 22

Social identity theory explains the ways the individual can enhance their own self esteem through group identities in all of the following ways, except

A) affiliation with successful groups.
B) categorize people into two groups.
C) call attention to their connections with successful groups.
D) derogate out-group members.

Question 23

According to the social identity theory, self-esteem is composed of both ___________ and _____________ identities.

A) ingroup; outgroup
B) insider; outsider
C) personal; social
D) personal; professional

Question 24

According to social identity theory, in-group favouritism and out-group derogation are likely to occur under certain conditions. In which of the following conditions is it not likely?

A) small group size
B) a person has marginal status within the group
C) scarcity of resources
D) status of the in-group is threatened

Question 25

Fraternity "pledges" are not quite full members of a fraternity. Pledges are especially likely to publicly derogate other fraternities, a condition that supports the

A) social dominance.
B) deprivation theory.
C) social identity theory.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 26

Even though Metro University's loss in the hockey playoffs did not affect the standing for Jan's university, he and his friends were thrilled to hear of Metro's loss. According to the social identity theory, this is due to

A) small group size.
B) marginal status within the group.
C) scarcity of resources.
D) status of the in-group.

Question 27

Research in Australia by Dono et al. (2010) examined social identity and environmental activism. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) People who saw themselves as environmental activists were strongly motivated to buy products made from recycled materials.
B) People who saw themselves as environmental activists tended to read publications written by environmental groups.
C) People who saw themselves as environmental activists were willing to protest.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 28

According to social identity theory, what comprises (makes up) our self-esteem?

A) our personal identity
B) our genetic identity
C) our social identity
D) Both a and c.

Question 29

Which of the following is not an influence on our social identity?

A) derogation toward the out-group
B) personal achievements
C) favouritism toward the in-group
D) group achievements

Question 30

In-group favouritism and outgroup derogation is most likely to occur in which of the following groups?

A) the university student's union
B) the union for provincial employees
C) the 6-member elite ski team
D) a 30-member high school track and field team

Question 31

In research that examined teams with varying ratios of males to females, Kanter (1997) found that three perceptual phenomena influenced group dynamics:

A) visibility, in-group favouritism, outgroup derogation
B) visibility, polarization, assimilation
C) assimilation, stereotyping, attractiveness of the women
D) sexism, visibility, in-group favouritism

Question 32

The way that members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) behave towards members of the African American community is an example of ___________ ____________.

Question 33

Social psychologist Gustav Le Bon (1896) believed that three characteristics associated with crowd behaviour are __________________, ___________________, and ________________.

Question 34

When irrational or violent acts sweep through a crowd of people, this phenomenon is called ____________________.

Question 35

Psychologists Le Bon and Allport both had ideas about crowd behaviour. Le Bon believed that crowds made people ________________ while Allport argued that crowds made people ________________.

Question 36

The famous social psychologist ______________________ rejected the idea of the "group mind".

Question 37

Zimbardo's theory of ______________________ suggests that people in large groups become anonymous and they feel less compelled to follow normal rules of behaviour.

Question 38

______________________ was the famous researcher who conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment.

Question 39

According to _____________ ____________ theory, people strive to enhance their self-esteem by doing things like associating with successful groups.

Question 40

According to the social identity theory, self-esteem is composed of both ___________ and _____________ identities.

Question 41

According to the social identity theory, people favour their ___________ over their _____________ in order to enhance their self-esteem.

Question 42

According to realistic conflict theory, what causes animosity between different groups?

A) symbolic racism
B) social learning
C) group competition
D) a sense of having less compared to other groups

Question 43

An ultra-conservative radio show host ranted against immigrants who are taking all of the jobs in Canada so that "real Canadians" are starving. This prejudicial statement is a good example of

A) out-group homogeneity effect.
B) in-group favouritism
C) realistic conflict theory.
D) social dominance theory.

Question 44

In Sherif's classic study (1966), two groups of boy campers were pitted against one another in competitive activities, such as a treasure hunt and tug-of-war. An intense rivalry between the groups developed. Sherif's study provides support for the

A) realistic conflict theory.
B) social dominance theory.
C) out-group homogeneity theory.
D) in-group favouritism.

Question 45

In his classic study (1966), how did Sherif reduce intergroup rivalry between the Rattlers and the Eagles, two groups of boy campers?

A) He explained that he had created the conflict between them.
B) He fostered intergroup cooperation by setting up conflict with the Sharks, a different group.
C) He fostered intergroup cooperation by setting up superordinate goals.
D) He increased their self-awareness and appealed to their better nature.

Question 46

When people in groups must compete for scarce resources it leads to conflict, a situation described in

A) bimodal conflict theory.
B) resource conflict theory.
C) scarcity theory of conflict.
D) realistic conflict theory.

Question 47

Israelis wish to establish a Jewish state in their ancient homeland, while Palestinians wish to establish a Palestinian state in the West Bank. Both sides view their goals are inherently just and fair; a factor leading to conflict known as

A) competition for resources.
B) biased perceptions.
C) entrapment.
D) goal readjustment.

Question 48

The view that one's side is just and fair while the other is evil and selfish, even when both sides reveal identical behaviours, is known as

A) entrapment.
B) mirror-image perception.
C) unrealistic group image.
D) bimodal group image perception.

Question 49

In conflict, when two groups each see their behaviour as caused by the action of the other side, they are involved in

A) bimodal group image perception.
B) unrealistic group image.
C) mirror-image perception.
D) entrapment.

Question 50

When people feel discontent because they believe that compared to people in other groups, they fare poorly, they are experiencing

A) symbolic racism.
B) social dominance.
C) relative deprivation.
D) aversive racism.

Question 51

When a person's basic needs, such as food, shelter, or health care, are not met, that person is experiencing

A) relative deprivation.
B) social deprivation.
C) realistic deprivation.
D) aversive deprivation.

Question 52

Stouffer et al. (1949) were surprised to find that people in the air force, where there were ample opportunities for promotion, had more complaints about promotion than people in the military police, where promotions were rare. The researchers concluded that this was an example of

A) whining.
B) absolute deprivation.
C) realistic deprivation.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 53

Janna felt very fortunate to be hired as a summer student at the biology lab. However, she recently found out that one of the other students is being paid $1 more per hour. Now Janna is much less satisfied with her job. Janna is experiencing

A) relative deprivation.
B) absolute deprivation.
C) mirror-image perception.
D) biased perceptions.

Question 54

Assume that you would like a raise in salary. According to Crosby (1976), which of the following is not a precondition for relative deprivation?

A) being aware of raises being given in the company
B) making a low salary
C) feeling entitled to a raise
D) awareness that you are eligible for a raise

Question 55

According to Runciman (1966), what are the two forms of relative deprivation?

A) symbolic; aversive
B) ordinate; superordinate
C) fraternalistic; egoistic
D) automatic; controlled

Question 56

Roland believes that recent immigrants are given preferential treatment so that White Canadians are not able to find work. Roland's attitude reflects

A) fraternalistic relative deprivation.
B) egoistic relative deprivation.
C) symbolic relative deprivation.
D) aversive relative deprivation.

Question 57

According to ___________ __________ theory, conflict between groups is a result of competition for scarce resources.

Question 58

In his study of 11-year-old boys at summer camp, social psychologist ___________ was able to examine the role of competition in creating and reducing conflict between groups.

Question 59

In most conflicts, each side sees their own behaviour as being caused by the actions of the other side. According to the textbook, this is known as ________________ _______________.

Question 60

Although you have been very satisfied with your summer job as a computer programmer, you just heard that another summer student in the engineering department is being paid more per hour. The discontent you now feel is called ________________ _______________.

Question 61

_________________ relative deprivation seems to be associated with negative intergroup attitudes and conflict.

Question 62

A theory that describes conflict between different groups as a result of individuals' self-interest motives, in terms of competition for jobs, land, power, and other resources is referred to as __________ ___________ theory.

Question 63

Runciman (1966) hypothesized two forms of relative deprivation: ____________________ and _________________________.

Question 64

All of the following are strategies recommended to reduce conflict, except

A) equal status contact.
B) image perception alignment.
C) bargaining.
D) GRIT - graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction.

Question 65

Melinda starts an organization that brings together White and Asian students from her town and has them talk with one another. She hopes this will improve White-Asian race relations that have been highly strained in her town. Melinda clearly believes in

A) bargaining.
B) relative deprivation theory.
C) GRIT.
D) Allport's contact hypothesis.

Question 66

One of the strategies suggested to resolve conflict is to increase the interaction between people in the different groups; a strategy known as

A) group resolution theory.
B) contact hypothesis.
C) interaction theory.
D) status contact.

Question 67

Sherif (1966) found that merely increasing contact between members of hostile groups did not reduce tensions. What other condition(s) should be present?

A) superordinate goals
B) common group identity
C) equal status contact
D) all of the above

Question 68

Leon is a Latino college freshman randomly assigned to share a room with Tim, a White college freshman. What type of intervention is his college using to decrease racism on campus?

A) creating high motivation to avoid stereotyping
B) increasing contact
C) providing education and training
D) All of these

Question 69

Riaz's company is having tension between the managers, who are mainly White, and the support staff, who are mainly from visible minority groups. Riaz suggests to his boss that a company picnic would be a great way to reduce tensions. Will this idea work?

A) Yes, because groups have increased contact.
B) Yes, because the groups have superordinate goals.
C) No, because there is not equal status contact.
D) No, because each group sees the other group as an outgroup.

Question 70

During the Stanley Cup playoffs, Christi cheered for her home team, the Calgary Flames. When they were eliminated from the playoffs, Christi cheered for the Vancouver Canucks, as they were the only Canadian team left. According to the textbook, Christi has

A) disloyalty.
B) a flexible personal identity.
C) superordinate identity.
D) nested identities.

Question 71

The textbook describes a hockey team in Montreal that is made up of Jewish and Muslim players from Morocco who have a shared love of hockey. Such a bond is fundamental to

A) the superordinate identity model.
B) the common ingroup identity model.
C) the GRIT model.
D) the nested identities model.

Question 72

When is having contact with people from different groups most beneficial? When the contact is perceived to be

A) personally relevant.
B) personally important.
C) personally valuable.
D) all of these.

Question 73

According to the Common Ingroup Identity Model, what must two groups share in order to decrease conflict between them?

A) the same charismatic leader
B) a sense of belonging that encompasses both groups
C) a shared race
D) a common heritage

Question 74

Forming a _____________ often results in a reduction in conflict between groups.

A) common group identity
B) thoughtful physical identity
C) strong personal identity
D) shared religious identity

Question 75

A strategy that works to create unilateral and persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between competing groups is known as

A) DIRT.
B) GRIT.
C) bargaining.
D) common ground.

Question 76

Using the GRIT method between Countries A and B, what happens if Country B retaliates?

A) Country A continues its tension-reducing activities as planned.
B) Country A does not act.
C) Country A quickly retaliates at the same level as Country B's retaliation.
D) None of these

Question 77

According to the textbook, the reduction in nuclear weapons and the end of the Cold War in the 1980's by Soviet President Gorbachev was an example of

A) a superordinate category.
B) GRIT - graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction.
C) the contact hypothesis.
D) a common group identity.

Question 78

When Holly went to buy her new car she became involved in negotiating an agreement for the final price. This negotiation is known as

A) bargaining.
B) mediation.
C) arbitration.
D) marking.

Question 79

Researchers suggest that it is best to seem __________ when bargaining in order to get the best deal.

A) tough
B) democratic
C) reasonable
D) empathic

Question 80

When bargaining, the best overall joint outcome occurs when both parties are

A) tough.
B) empathic.
C) persuasive.
D) honest.